自适应时间步长法在土体冻结水热耦合模型中的应用

由于相变的存在,土体冻结过程中的温度传导与水分迁移是一个复杂的物理过程。为了更好地描述冻结过程中水分与温度的变化规律,通过对不饱和土体水分传导方程的研究,考虑冻结过程中的相变,建立了一维冻土水热耦合模型。给出了相应的差分与有限元程序,并对室内冻结实验进行了模拟。提出误差因子的概念,通过对程序计算中时间步长与计算用时、误差关系的分析,论证了进行时间步长优化的必要性。在两种不同数值方法的对比中,体现了有限元计算的稳定性。提出了调整后的自适应时间步长计算方法。计算结果表明,优化时间步的自适应步长法,在不影响模型计算准确度的前提下,可以大幅减少计算用时,提高计算效率。     

Studies on Construction Pre-control of a Connection Aisle Between Two Neighbouring Tunnels in Shanghai by Means of 3D FEM,Neural Networks and Fuzzy Logic

The ground freezing construction technique is one of the most effective and widely applied site construction methods in soft soil areas, like Shanghai. Some elevation-inclined refrigeration pipes are arranged for the artificial freezing excavation of the Pudong-side first-storey connection aisle, which is designed to connect two adjacent tunnel lanes of Shanghai East-Fuxing-Road tunnel project. No advanced research results could be found for computing the temperature field of tunnels and aisles frozen with inclined refrigeration pipes. Anyhow the computation of the relevant temperature field is of high importance for the safe and economical excavation of the above-mentioned aisle. In this paper, a method for computing the aisle temperature field using 3D FEM is given, and the computation accuracy is verified by contrasting the computed and site measured results. The back propagation neural networks are also applied to the temperature prediction using self-developed Neural Network-Expert System software, the predicted results are also very satisfactory. The mechanism during freezing and aisle excavation will be discussed on the basis of 3D FEM simulation. The authors believe that studying the parameter-sensitivity of temperature field is very important for the optimum selection of parameter values. So, in this paper, the parameter-sensitivity of temperature field is also discussed. In order to obtain the optimum frozen wall thickness, the relation between the frozen wall thickness and the initial freezing brine temperature is studied. At the end, an excavation pre-control plan is proposed by means of fuzzy logic theory for improving the excavation safety. The research result of the current paper is very helpful for projects that will be excavated by freezing construction technique.     

某地铁区间隧道冻结施工冻胀效应随机预测分析

土层冻结引发冻胀,引起地面上升和变形,过量的不均匀沉降或变形可能危及周围地面建筑.南京地铁某区间隧道穿过地层为软一流塑状淤泥质粉质粘土,拟采用人工冻结法作为辅助施工方法穿越该不良地段.为对地面建筑物进行变形控制,需要对冻结法施工冻胀效应进行预测.采用随机介质理论对该工程冻结施工的冻胀效应进行预测,介绍了冻胀效应分析的基本过程,编制了计算分析程序,分析了水平冻胀引起的地面隆起、曲率变形规律.结果表明:水平冻胀引起的地面变形均满足地面变形控制要求.     

饱和粉质黏土反复冻融电阻率及变形特性试验研究

针对青藏铁路北麓河粉质粘土,利用冻融循环全过程电阻率试验设备获取封闭系统下冻融过程电阻率、土体温度场、冻胀融沉变形量全过程曲线,探讨了饱和粉质黏土正冻正融过程电阻率及变形特性。试验结果表明：冻融循环过程中电阻率与冻融变形的变化是实时的、完全同步的,利用电阻率特性研究冻融过程土体结构变化是可行的;每次冻融冻土电阻率随着冻融次数增加呈指数关系减小,融土电阻率随冻融次数增加呈指数关系增加;每次冻胀量与融沉量随冻融次数的增加而减小,平均干密度随冻融次数增加而增加,并且经过5次冻融循环后冻胀融沉量和干密度均趋于稳定。     

冻融过程对生物结皮中齿肋赤藓叶绿素荧光特性的影响

以新疆古尔班通古特沙漠苔藓结皮中的优势种齿肋赤藓（Syntrichia caninervis Mitt．）为研究对象,利用便携式调制叶绿素荧光仪Mini-PAM（Walz公司,德国）测定其在冻融作用影响下叶绿素荧光特性的变化特征。结果表明,冻结过程中随着处理温度的降低,齿肋赤藓的初始荧光（F0）、最大荧光产量（Fm）、PSⅡ的最大光化学效率（Fv /Fm）、PSⅡ的潜在活性（Fv /F0）、PSⅡ实际光化学效率（ΦPSⅡ）、光合电子传递速率（ETR）和光化学猝灭系数（qP）均呈显著下降的趋势（P<0.05）,而非光化学猝灭系数（NPQ）则逐步上升。低温胁迫下NPQ的增加表明齿肋赤藓PSⅡ系统通过提高非辐射性热耗散消耗过剩光能,从而保护PSⅡ反应中心免受因吸收过多光能而引起的光氧化伤害。消融过程中,齿肋赤藓的叶绿素荧光参数（F0、Fm、Fv /Fm、Fv /F0、ΦPSⅡ、ETR和qP）可恢复至未冻结前的正常水平。齿肋赤藓叶绿素荧光强度和诱导曲线的形状在冻融过程中均随处理温度的降低或升高而发生了明显的变化。一定范围内的低温胁迫不会对齿肋赤藓的光合器官造成永久伤害,光合系统仍维持在可恢复的状态。     

地铁联络通道冻结加固融沉注浆研究

介绍了国内首个地铁联络通道强制解冻融沉注浆工艺的设计与施工。整个施工过程中对土体温度和地表变形进行了监测,得到了温度和地表变形的变化规律。由于冻结法施工中存在冻胀和融沉问题,过量的冻胀、融沉会对地表建筑和地下管线产生危害。结合工程实例,对强制解冻融沉注浆进行了研究,该工程对冻结加固体分区强制解冻、及时进行融沉注浆、二次加固土体,消除了后期压密沉降发生的可能,地表变形的监测表明强制解冻融沉注浆技术在该类工程中应用效果良好。     

石家庄樱桃低温冻害天气指数保险纯费率的厘定

利用典型樱桃园区2018—2020年物候观测数据及相近区域气象观测站气温数据、2006—2020年国家自动气象观测站气温数据,确定了低温冻害研究时段,并按照积温(Growing Degree Days, GDD)模型划分了樱桃生育期气象指标,参照QX/T 88—2008作物霜冻害等级中樱桃不同生育期低温冻害指标,构建了以日最低气温、日平均气温、持续时间构成的低温冻害指数模型,进而建立了低温冻害指数与减产率线性回归模型;通过对比分析泊松分布、信息扩散方法、正态分布、韦伯分布4种概率分布模型在樱桃低温冻害指数分布中的适用检验,选取通过卡方拟合优度检验且差值标准差最小的信息扩散方法模型,厘定了石家庄露天樱桃低温冻害天气指数在不同触发条件下的保险纯费率,最高为2.045%,最低为0.173%。研究表明：在数据量较小的情况下,信息扩散方法模型的分布形态更加符合真实的概率分布形态,为尚未开展长序列观测的农作物天气指数保险产品的设计提供了理论思考。     

一次极端暴雪事件中罕见冻雨成因分析

使用常规观测资料、自动气象站资料、雷达回波资料及ERA5 0.25°×0.25°再分析资料,对2021年11月8—9日发生在黑龙江省极端暴雪事件中罕见冻雨过程进行分析。结果表明：冻雨发生在降水强度较大时段,地面气温普遍低于0℃。垂直气温存在典型的“冷—暖—冷”层结特征,近地层存在强逆温层,在探空图上＞0 ℃的面积比＜0 ℃的大。近地层冷垫的形成是冷高压南侵所致,受到江淮气旋和地形阻挡,在海拔较低的松花江干流地区堆积形成。融化层在850 hPa低涡前部,西南或偏南暖湿低空急流携带暖湿空气像楔子一样插在冷空气中,持续的暖平流特征明显。地面冷垫与中层暖层之间有明显的锋区特征,存在强逆温层。电线积冰直径与融化层持续长短有很大的相关性。冻雨的形成符合“冰相融化”机制。雷达观测在冻雨区具有回波强度增大的特征。     

Numerical Sensitivity Studies on Effects of Ice Nucleating Processes on Electrification in Thunderstorms

This study employed numerical simulations to explore the impact of varying ice nucleation processes on the microphysics and electrification within thunderstorm clouds. A two-dimensional cumulus model, incorporating both non- inductive and inductive charge separation schemes, was utilized. The findings revealed that the freezing nucleation mechanism significantly influenced the microphysical development, electrification, and charge structure of thunderstorms. Homogeneous freezing generated a large quantity of small ice crystals near the cloud tops, which were primarily re- sponsible for the development of positive charge regions through a non-inductive charging process. Conversely, hetero- geneous freezing resulted in larger ice crystals, enhancing graupel formation and leading to a more rapid and intense charge separation rate of around ?15°C. Ice crystals formed heterogeneously and charged negatively during the development stage, resulting in an inverted dipole charge structure. When both immersion and homogeneous freezing processes were considered, the competition between these two distinct freezing processes resulted in reduced cloud water content and weaker electrification. Under conditions of low cloud water content at lower storm levels, graupel particles were negatively charged through non-inductive charging, causing the charge structure to quickly revert to a normal dipole structure.     

The Impact of Precipitation Scavenging on the Transport of Trace Gases: A 3-Dimensional Model Sensitivity Study

With the global Chemistry-Transport model MATCHsensitivity simulations were performed to determinethe degree to which especially upward transport ofgases from the earth's surface is limited byconvective and large-scale precipitation scavenging.When only dissolution of species in the liquid phaseis taken into account, mixing ratio reductions in themiddle and upper troposphere by 10% arecalculated for gases with a Henry's Law constant H of10³ mol/l/atm. The removal increases to 50% forH = 10⁴ mol/l/atm, and to 90% for H =10⁵ mol/l/atm. We also consider scavenging by theice phase, which is generally much less efficient thanby the aqueous phase. In fact, rejection of gases fromfreezing water droplets may be a source of trace gasat higher altitudes.H₂O₂ and the strong acids (H₂SO₄,HNO₃, HCl, HBr, HI) have such large solubilitiesthat they become largely removed by precipitation.When significant concentrations of these gases andsulfate aerosol exist above the liquid water domain ofthe atmosphere, they have likely been produced thereor at higher altitudes, although some could have comefrom trace gas rejection from ice particles or fromevaporating hydrometeors. Several other gases areaffected by precipitation, but not strongly enough toprevent fractional transfer to the middle and uppertroposphere: e.g., HNO₄, HNO₂ at pH 5,CH₂O, the organic acids at pH 6,CH₃SOCH₃, HOCl, HOBr, and HOI. NH₃ islargely removed by liquid phase scavenging at pH 7 and SO₂ atpH 7. At pH less thanabout 6, upward transport of SO₂ should largelydepend on the efficiency of oxidation processes in thewater droplets by O₃ and H₂O₂.Most gases have solubilities which are too low forsignificant precipitation scavenging and aqueous phaseoxidation to occur. This holds, e.g., for O₃, CO,the hydrocarbons, NO, NO₂, HCN, CH₃CN,CH₃SCH₃, CH₃O₂H, CH₃CHOandhigher aldehydes, CH₃OH and higher alcohols,peroxyacetylnitrate (PAN), CH₃COCH₃ andother ketones (note that some of these are not listedin Table I because their solubilities are below 10mol/l/atm). Especially for the short-lived gases,transfer from the boundary layer to the middle andupper troposphere is actually promoted by the enhancedupward transport that occurs in clouds.