“99.12”广西严重霜冻、冰冻天气过程特征及预报分析

通过对1999年12月21～28日,广西出现的严重霜冻、冰冻天气过程环流特征的演变、气象要素的变化、数值预报产品的分析,得到造成这次严重霜冻、冰冻天气的主要原因是：地面气压高、露点温度特低、相对湿度小、辐射降温明显。     

Effect of Soil Moisture-Energy Distribution and Melting-Freezing Processes on Seasonal Shift in Tibetan Plateau

EFFECT OF SOIL MOISTURE-ENERGY DISTRIBUTION AND MELTING-FREEZING PROCESSES ON SEASONAL SHIFT IN TIBETAN PLATEAUtheNational(G19980 4 0 80 0 )andCAS’sKeyProjectforBasicResearchonTibetanPlateau (KZ951 A1 2 0 4 ;;KZ951 A1 4 0 2 ;;KZ951 B1 2     

一种易于产生冻胀的冻结模式

选取青藏铁路沿线粉质黏土,进行了一维土样在连续、分步两种不同冻结模式下的冻胀响应试验和数值模拟研究,得到并分析其温度梯度场及土样冻胀量的演变规律。结果表明,与连续冻结模式相比,分步冻结模式更易产生较大冻胀量,其机制主要在于该冻结模式使得冻结缘内温度梯度较大。     

Effects of frozen soil and snow cover on cold‐season soil water dynamics in Tokachi,Japan

Despite the potential impact of winter soil water movements in cold regions, relatively few field studies have investigated cold‐season hydrological processes that occur before spring‐onset of snowmelt infiltration. The contribution of soil water fluxes in winter to the annual water balance was evaluated over 5 years of field observations at an agricultural field in Tokachi, Hokkaido, Japan. In two of the winters, soil frost reached a maximum depth of 0·2 m (‘frozen’ winters), whereas soil frost was mostly absent during the remaining three winters (‘unfrozen’ winters). Significant infiltration of winter snowmelt water, to a depth exceeding 1·0 m, occurred during both frozen and unfrozen winters. Such infiltration ranged between 126 and 255 mm, representing 28–51% of total annual soil water fluxes. During frozen winters, a substantial quantity of water (ca 40 mm) was drawn from deeper layers into the 0–0·2 m topsoil layer when this froze. Under such conditions, the progression and regression of the freezing front, regulated by the thickness of snow cover, controlled the quantity of soil water flux below the frozen layer. During unfrozen winters, 13–62 mm of water infiltrated to a depth of 0·2 m, before the spring snowmelt. These results indicate the importance of correctly evaluating winter soil water movement in cold regions. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

1961-2010年浙江省冰冻灾害时空特征及其与气象条件的关系

利用1961-2010年浙江省68个站冰冻灾害资料及气温、风速和相对湿度等观测资料,采用线性趋势分析、小波分析和相关分析等方法,统计分析1961-2010年浙江省冰冻灾害时空分布特征,在此基础上分析易引起浙江省冰冻灾害发生的气象条件。结果表明：在时间变化上,1961-2010年浙江省年平均冰冻日数呈显著减少趋势,并在20世纪80年代末发生突变减少;浙江省冰冻灾害主要发生在12月至次年2月,其中1月发生最多。在空间分布上,浙江省冰冻日数由西北向东南递减,且在浙江省中北部地区呈舌状分布;对于同纬度地区,天目山附近和浙江省北部的丘陵一带冰冻日数较多,而金衢盆地的冰冻日数相对较少。冰冻日数与最低气温相关最显著,当最低气温为-2 ℃左右,风速≤4.0 m·s^-1,相对湿度为80%左右时,易引起浙江省冰冻灾害发生。     

珠海市暴雨天气的气候特征及影响形势分析

利用1962—2010年珠海市降雨资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,应用小波分析、相关分析等统计方法,对珠海市暴雨天气气候特征及其影响系统进行分析。结果表明,珠海市白天发生暴雨的次数比夜间多,但夜间暴雨的雨量比白天大;大部分暴雨都出现在汛期,汛期暴雨具有次数多、雨量大的特点;暴雨占全年总降雨的比率越来越大,近阶段容易出现旱涝急转的气象灾害。普查分析得出,影响珠海市暴雨的天气形势可分为热带气旋型、锋面低槽型、低空急流型、高空槽和切变线型、辐合带北抬型、副高边缘和东风波型等。     

Trends in the near-zero range of the minimum air-temperature distribution

This study estimated the trends in the number of days that fall within the near-zero (0?°C) range of the temperature continuum. This narrow range has importance for potential transportation hazards and freeze-thaw cycles. While the tails of the air-temperature distribution and their trends often are closely examined under the climate change context, the frequency and trend of other portions of the air-temperature distribution can be equally important, as many societal impacts are caused by events in the non-tail region, such as near-zero °C temperatures (NZT). Examining the trend of the number of NZT days over the conterminous USA for the period of 1948–1949 through 2010–2011, we found three distinct spatial clusters. The most distinctive spatial clusters are found along the West Coast (positive temperature trends leading to a decrease in NZT days), the High Plains and Northern Rockies (positive temperature trends leading to an increase in NZT days), and the southeastern USA (negative temperature trends leading to an increase in NZT days). While trends in the number of NZT days are linked to changes in mean minimum air temperature, increasing minimum temperature leads to a positive trend at NZT days only at some locations.     

道路融雪除冰技术现状与发展趋势分析

路面积雪结冰给交通和行车安全造成严重威胁．欧美、日本等国在道路融冰化雪技术研究及应用方面做了大量的工作,我国在这方面的研究非常薄弱．总结分析了国内外道路融冰雪技术的现状及发展方向,可以看出：使用融雪剂和机械除冰雪是普遍的方法,但存在环境污染和不能及时清除的弊端．地热、电热、改进路面材料等主动方法不普遍,处于研究和小范围...     

双圈管黏土冻结壁形成过程冻胀力模型试验研究

基于相似理论,开展了双圈管同步冻结条件下黏土冻结壁形成过程冻胀力模型试验研究．在试验条件下黏土冻结壁交圈顺序为外圈管、内圈管,两圈管之间,冻结310d后冻结壁发展到井帮位置．随时间发展,外圈管内侧温度分布逐渐均匀,而外圈管外侧仍存在较大温度梯度．结果表明：冻胀力的发展变化与冻结温度场密切相关,且表现出显著的时空不均匀性...     

2013年1月大气环流和天气分析

2013年1月大气环流特征为:北半球极涡呈偶极型,极涡范围及强度较常年偏弱,中高纬环流呈三波型,欧亚大陆槽位于西西伯利亚,位置偏北,引导多股冷空气影响我国北方,月内中高纬环流形势调整较大,上旬以经向型环流为主,中下旬则转为纬向型环流;西太平洋副热带高压接近常年同期,东亚大槽位于西北太平洋西岸,较常年偏强,南支槽位于90°E附近,较常年略偏弱.2013年1月,全国平均气温为-5.2℃,略低于常年同期(-5.0℃).月内气温阶段性调整明显,上旬,较同期偏低3℃,下旬,较同期偏高1.7℃.全国平均降水量为6.5 mm,较常年同期(13.2 mm)偏少50.8％.月内出现一次强冷空气过程,雾霾天气频繁,共出现3次较大范围雾霾过程.南方部分地区遭受低温雨雪冰冻灾害,北方局地遭受雪灾,云南大部、贵州西部及四川南部等地气象干旱持续.