花椒品种抗冻性比较研究

秦安1号、油椒和大红袍是甘肃省花椒主产区的主要栽培品种。对其一年生休眠枝在不同低温（0～-40℃）处理不同时间（24～72 h）,通过测定相对电导率、超氧物岐化酶（SOD）活性和丙二醛（MDA）含量,对花椒品种休眠枝的抗冻性进行了比较研究。结果表明,各品种休眠枝的相对电导率和MDA含量从低到高均依次为:秦安1号＜油椒＜大红袍,品种间差异性均达到显著水平（P＜0.05）;SOD活性秦安1号略高于油椒,二者差异性虽未达到显著水平,但均显著高于大红袍（P＜0.01）;相同温度下,3品种休眠枝的相对电导率、MDA含量均随低温持续时间的延长而升高,大红袍休眠枝上升更加明显。SOD活性均随处理时间的延长而降低。引起各花椒品种休眠枝低温伤害的临界温度范围为-15～-20℃。从相对电导率、MDA含量和SOD活性的变化综合分析,供试的3个花椒品种中,秦安1号的抗冻性最强,油椒次之,大红袍抗冻性最弱。     

The Freezing Precipitation over the Middle-Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River during February-March 2009

In this paper, the authors analyze the quasistationary fronts, surface conditions, and atmospheric stratification processes associated with a freezing precipitation event over the middle-lower reaches of the Yangtze River, especially in the Dabie mountain during February-March 2009. The long duration of freezing precipitation was primarily caused by stationary and anomalous synoptic weather patterns, such as a blocking high pressure in the northern branch and a trough in the southern branch of the westerlies, which resulted in the encounter cold air from northern China and warm moisture from the south. The east-west-oriented, quasi-stationary front （or shear line） found in central China was mostly responsible for producing the precipitation. The warm layer and nearsurface frozen layer were located in the lower troposphere along the front zone. Although the warm layer （〉 0℃） existed along the whole front, a surface temperature less than 0℃ appeared only over the lower-middle reaches of the Yangtze River, especially in the Dabie mountain. Therefore, the surface temperature was the main influencing factor, as the freezing precipitation only happened over the Dabie mountain.     

和田地区红柳大芸冻害调查研究

2008年年初的低温、连阴降雪、冰冻天气使和田地区各县(市)的红柳大芸受到不同程度的冻害。通过对和田地区红柳大芸冻害情况进行调查分析,提出科学的接种深度和灌溉管理以及应采取的防护措施。     

2020年内蒙古东南部一次特大暴雪伴冻雨灾害天气特征分析

利用常规气象观测资料、NCEP逐6 h和逐日再分析资料、FY 2G卫星云图资料,从环流形势、水汽条件、动力条件及层结特征方面对2020年11月18—19日内蒙古自治区东南部罕见的特大暴雪伴冻雨过程进行分析。结果表明：①大气环流异常是造成此次灾害性天气的主要环流背景,500 hPa西风槽和南支槽、700 hPa西南低空急流及切变线、850 hPa以下东北急流、地面气旋是此次过程的主要影响系统,具有回流暴雪的天气特征;②低空偏南和偏东急流两支水汽输送路径及水汽强烈辐合为极端暴雪提供了充足的水汽,850 hPa和700 hPa比湿最大分别为5 g〖DK〗·kg-1 和4 g〖DK〗·kg-1;③低空偏南急流代表的暖空气与北方的冷空气剧烈交汇,暖湿空气在低层“冷垫”上爬升,加剧上升运动的发展,导致该区域降雪迅速加强;④非绝热加热项〖WTBX〗F〖WTBZ〗3对锋面生消作用最小,水平运动项〖WTBX〗F〖WTBZ〗1是锋生函数变化的主要贡献项,锋生函数〖WTBX〗F〖WTBZ〗变化与降水强度变化一致,在〖WTBX〗F〖WTBZ〗＞10的较强锋生区都出现暴雪,因此锋面的强迫抬升对暴雪的增幅作用不容忽视;⑤锋区的维持使得低层维持低温天气,锋上逆温,暖湿空气沿锋面抬升,900 hPa 以下“冷垫”与之上的“暖盖”长时间存在,导致暴雪发生并持续;⑥锋上逆温且逆温区存在融化层,这种垂直结构变化有利于降水相态转化,高层和低层为低于0 ℃的冷层,中间形成温度高于0 ℃的暖层,符合融化类冻雨的层结特征。     

Evaluating the Ability of CRCM5 to Simulate Mixed Precipitation

Precipitation episodes in the form of freezing rain and ice pellets represent natural hazards affecting eastern Canada during the cold season. These types of precipitation mainly occur in the St. Lawrence River valley and the Atlantic provinces of Canada. This study aims to evaluate the ability of the fifth-generation Canadian Regional Climate Model (CRCM5), using a 0.11° horizontal grid mesh, to hindcast mixed precipitation when driven by reanalyses produced by the European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts (ERA-Interim) for a 35-year period. In general, the CRCM5 simulation slightly overestimates the occurrence of freezing rain, but the geographical distribution is well reproduced. The duration of freezing rain events and accompanying surface winds in the Montréal region are reproduced by CRCM5. A case study is performed for an especially catastrophic freezing-rain event in January 1998; the model succeeds in simulating the intensity and duration of the episode, as well as the propitious meteorological environment. Overall, the model is also able to reproduce the climatology and a specific event of freezing rain and ice pellets.     

饱和颗粒正冻土一维刚性冰模型的数值模拟

基于刚性冰模型,应用有限差分法离散方程组,对于饱和颗粒土开放系统的冻结过程进行了一维数值模拟,给出了冻结缘内参数的分布.计算过程中修正了刚性冰模型中分凝冰产生条件,提出以冻结缘内冰压与载荷的关系作为分凝冰产生的判据,计算得到的冻胀量与实验室冻胀实验的测量数据较为吻合.将计算结果与现场实测资料进行了比较,温度场、含水量分布等结果在分布规律方面与现场实测资料相符.     

ZQZ TF型风传感器冻结故障自动检测装置设计

近年来我国大部分地区在冬、春两季多遭受冻雨灾害,自动气象站的风向风速传感器容易因冻结而无法正常工作。针对冻结故障的实时检测问题,本文设计了一种基于ZQZ-TF型风传感器的故障自动检测装置。该装置通过检测风传感器的工作电压和工作电流,实现对传感器实时状态的监控。同时,结合具体的故障诊断算法,能够快速判断风传感器是否被冻结。系统的核心硬件电路、软件算法可分别集成在自动气象站风向风速数据采集电路和嵌入式软件中,具有结构紧凑、操作简单的特点。经验证,该装置能够实时检测风传感器冻结故障,且工作稳定,检测精度高。     

冻结方式对冻土试样制备的影响

冻土试样的制备是进行冻土试验最为基础而重要的工作,其中土样在冻结过程中受到的影响直接关系到试样内部状况.为研究冻结方式对粉质粘土含水量和干密度分布的影响,采取不同的冻结方式即单向冻结和多向冻结方法,对比分析不同状态下兰州黄土和北麓河粘土冻结试样各部位含水量与干密度的分布状况.结果表明:试样内含水量和干密度的分布程度取决于土的类型、饱和状态和冻结方式,具体为:非饱和兰州黄土在多向冻结情况下,可以取得比单向冻结更加均匀的冻结试样;饱和兰州黄土冻结试样无论是单向冻结还是多向冻结都较为均匀;北麓河粘土无论饱和与否,均以单向冻结为好.     

Dry spells assessment with reference to the maize crop in the Luvuvhu River catchment of South Africa

Agricultural productivity in South Africa is negatively affected by drought as a result of frequent periodic dry spells and increasing crop water demands resulting in poor crop development and low yields. Thus, we embarked on this study which aims at investigating dry spell occurrences in relation to growing season of maize in the Luvuvhu River Catchment. Daily rainfall data (1945–2014) from 12 stations which represent the catchment fairly well was utilized in this study. Three consecutive planting dates were staggered based on three consecutive onsets of the rainy season. Dry spells were categorized into three groups: short, medium and long dry spells. The data was then subjected to theoretical distribution fitting using the Anderson–Darling goodness-of-fit test; and probabilities of occurrence were computed using a probabilistic model that best fits the data. Trend analysis was performed on the frequency of dry spells per growing period using the non-parametric Spearman's rank correlation test. Out results indicated high probabilities (≥80%) of short dry spells at all the stations irrespective of the timing of planting. Further analysis revealed that a risk of yield reduction with planting following the first onset of rains was higher than that with planting following the second and third onsets. In order to minimize this risk, farmers can be advised to plant between mid-November to mid-December. Trend analysis indicated no trend for all the various dry spell lengths except for Thohoyandou with a decreasing trend and Sigonde with a weak increasing trend in long dry spells. Such findings can be used to describe drought conditions for improvement of agricultural productivity and food security, in a given area.     

Numerical modelling of permafrost in bedrock in northern Fennoscandia during the Holocene

The occurrence of permafrost in bedrock in northern Fennoscandia and its dependence on past and presently ongoing climatic variations was investigated with one- (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) numerical models by solving the transient heat conduction equation with latent heat effects included. The study area is characterized by discontinuous permafrost occurrences such as palsa mires and local mountain permafrost. The ground temperature changes during the Holocene were constructed using climatic proxy data. This variation was used as a forcing function at the ground surface in the calculations. Several versions of the present ground temperature were applied, resulting in different subsurface freezing–thawing conditions in the past depending on the assumed porosity and geothermal conditions.Our results suggest that in high altitude areas with a cold climate (present mean annual ground temperature between 0°C and −3°C), there may have been considerable variations in permafrost thickness (ranging from 0 to 150 m), as well as periods of no permafrost at all. The higher is the porosity of bedrock filled with ice, the stronger is the retarding effect of permafrost against climatic variations.Two-dimensional models including topographic effects with altitude-dependent ground temperatures and slope orientation and inclination dependent solar radiation were applied to a case of mountain permafrost in Ylläs, western Finnish Lapland, where bedrock permafrost is known to occur in boreholes to a depth of about 60 m. Modelling suggests complicated changes in permafrost thickness with time as well as contrasting situations on southern and northern slopes of the mountain.Extrapolating the climatic warming of the last 200 years to the end of the next century when the anticipated increase in the annual average air temperature is expected to be about 2 K indicates that the permafrost occurrences in bedrock in northern Fennoscandia would be thawing rapidly in low-porosity formations. However, already a porosity of 5% filled with ice would retard the thawing considerably.