Damage–viscoplastic consistency model with a parabolic cap for rocks with brittle and ductile behavior under low‐velocity impact loading

This paper presents a damage–viscoplastic cap model for rocks with brittle and ductile behavior under low‐velocity impact loading, which occurs, e.g. in percussive drilling. The model is based on a combination of the recent viscoplastic consistency model by Wang and the isotropic damage concept. This approach does not suffer from ill posedness—caused by strain softening—of the underlying boundary/initial‐value problem since viscoplasticity provides a regularization under dynamic loading by introducing an internal length scale. The model uses the Drucker–Prager (DP) yield function with the modified Rankine criterion as a tension cut‐off and a parabolic cap surface as a compression cut‐off. The parabolic cap is smoothly fitted to the DP cone. The strain softening law in compression is calibrated with the degradation index concept of Fang and Harrison. Thereby, the model is able to capture the brittle‐to‐ductile transition and hardening behavior of geomaterials under highly confined compression, which is the prevailing stress state under a bit‐button in percussive drilling. Rock strength heterogeneity is characterized statistically at the structural level using the Weibull distribution. An explicit time integrator is chosen for solving the FE‐discretized equations of motion. The contact constraints due to the impact of an indenter are imposed with the forward increment Lagrange multiplier method that is compatible with explicit time integrators. The model is tested at the material point level with various uniaxial and triaxial tests. At the structural level confined compression, uniaxial tension tests and a rock sample under low‐velocity impact are simulated. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Contact mechanism of a rock fracture subjected to normal loading and its impact on fast closure behavior during initial stage of fluid flow experiment

Fast closure of rock fractures has been commonly observed in the initial stage of fluid flow experiments at environmental temperatures under low or moderate normal stresses. To fully understand the mechanisms that drive this fast closure, the evolution of local stresses acting on contacting asperities on the fracture surfaces prior to fluid flow tests needs to be evaluated. In this study, we modeled numerically the asperity deformation and failure processes during initial normal loading, by adopting both elastic and elastic–plastic deformation models for the asperities on a real rock fracture with measured surface topography data, and estimated their impact on initial conditions for fluid flow test performed under laboratory conditions. Compared with the previous models that simulate the normal contact of a fracture as the approach of two rigid surfaces without deformations, our models of deformable asperities yielded smaller contact areas and higher stresses on contacting asperities at a given normal stress or normal displacement. The results show that the calculated local stresses were concentrated on the contacts of a few major asperities, resulting in crushing of asperity tips. With these higher contact stresses, however, the predicted closure rates by pressure solution are still several orders of magnitude lower than that of the experimental measurements at the initial stage of fluid flow test. This indicates that single pressure solution may not likely to be the principal compaction mechanism for this fast closure, and that the damages on contacting asperities that occur during the initial normal loading stage may play an important role. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

单裂隙粗砂岩渗流规律试验研究

以石嘴山矿西翼采区为研究背景,通过三轴应力作用下岩石单裂隙渗流试验、裂隙开度与有效压力关系试验和大尺度岩石表面粗糙度量测试验,结合渗流力学基本理论,揭示了三维应力下单裂隙粗砂岩渗流规律,建立了有效压力、裂隙开度与渗透系数的关系式,以期丰富裂隙岩体渗流的理论研究。     

河南洛宁房圪垃湾铅矿区地质特征及矿床成因

房圪垃湾铅矿床产于太古宇太华群由角闪斜长片麻岩、黑云斜长片麻岩等组成的一套中深程度的区域变质岩中.区内主要有F9-Ⅰ、F9-Ⅱ、F9-Ⅲ、F10-Ⅰ、F10-Ⅱ、F11-Ⅰ、Ⅰ号等7个矿体,均赋存于断裂破碎蚀变带内,并严格受其控制.矿体的形态、产状与含矿断裂带基本一致,矿体多呈薄脉状、透镜状或似层状,沿走向及倾向均具舒缓波状特征,膨缩及分支复合现象明显.通过研究地质特征,认为矿床类型为破碎带蚀变岩型矿床,属中低温热液成因,成矿作用为区域变质-混合岩化-岩脉侵入-中低温热液交代充填.     

裂缝型储层流动单元划分方法研究:以鄂尔多斯盆地姬塬地区长8_1~1储层为例

测井曲线R/S分析能够有效地表征储层裂缝发育程度。以往研究中单独运用声波曲线进行R/S分析并不能规避岩性变化对声波曲线的影响。采用重构曲线(AC-GR)进行R/S计算,能够有效地反映裂缝发育程度和位置。另外,统计表明裂缝发育层段裂缝密度同重构曲线的分形维数D平均值有很好的相关性。因此,在划分流动单元过程中,除选取常用的孔隙度、渗透率、有效厚度等参数外,还选取重构曲线(AC-GR)的分形维数D进行综合聚类分析。以鄂尔多斯盆地姬塬地区长811储层为例,按其综合渗流能力将其划分成4类流动单元:第1类主要位于主河道汇流处,基质物性好,有效厚度大,裂缝较发育;第2类主要位于主河道,有效厚度较大,裂缝发育程度一般;第3类位于河道侧翼,有效厚度小,裂缝发育;第4类零星分布,基质物性较差,裂缝不发育,总体呈北东—南西向展布。     

新疆东昆仑托库孜达板—野狼沟一带地质背景及找矿方向

托库孜达板—野狼沟地区分布于祁曼塔格成矿域西段,是白干湖成矿带的一部分,区内岩性主要为石炭系喀拉米兰河群火山岩,浅成岩及花岗岩广泛分布,又位于在阿尔金断裂带及昆中断裂带的交汇部位,两断裂的次一级在区内特别发育。从以往1/50万化探成果及1/5万遥感解译成果看,矿致异常在区内大面积分布。近年发现的野狼沟铜多金属矿于石炭系次火山岩及北西向断裂构造关系密切。所有地物化遥等特征都预示了该区良好的找矿前景。     

临潼—长安断裂带内地裂缝特征

简述了临潼—长安断裂带的特征及与地裂缝的关系,根据临潼—长安断裂带内两场地地层勘探剖面,证实了临潼—长安断裂带内地裂缝的存在,表明其与发育在临潼—长安断裂带上盘的西安地裂缝具有相同的性质和特征。同时通过地裂缝两侧地层的错断及厚度变化分析了地裂缝的特点及其地质历史活动规律,表明临潼—长安断裂带内的地裂缝活动受断裂活动影响也表现为东强西弱的特征。     

阿拉尔断裂研究综述

根据前人对阿拉尔断裂的研究调研发现目前对阿拉尔断裂的几何学方面研究主要集中在走向、倾向、倾角和断距等方面,在断面的构造结构特征上研究欠缺,如断面的顶端构造特征,断面与两侧的岩层关系等。由于对阿拉尔断裂的研究方法和角度不同以及资料上的差异,得出的阿拉尔断裂演化的结论也有所差异,建议加强对断裂断面结构及影响断裂发育的动力因素方面的研究。     

运用GIS探讨中国铜矿床空间分布及其与断裂带的关系

本文从中国铜矿的地理分布出发,通过对矿点密度和断裂密度等值线的相关性分析,探讨了铜矿的空间分布及其与断裂带的关系,得出：断裂密度在（60,220）区间的铜矿点占总数的81.9%;在距断裂带20.76假定单元内（实际距离为86km）集中了大约83%的铜矿点。由此可见,断裂带与铜矿区带的展布有关,对铜矿床分布的控制作用明显。     

页岩裂缝发育主控因素及其对含气性的影响

依据国内外页岩气大量资料和测试数据,对影响页岩裂缝发育的岩性和矿物组成、有机碳含量、岩石力学性质、异常高压等非构造因素和构造因素进行了定性或半定量分析,初步探讨了页岩裂缝发育与含气量之间关系。结果表明:页岩中石英、长石和碳酸盐岩含量高,岩石的泊松比低、杨氏模量高,脆性大,容易在外力作用下形成天然裂缝和诱导裂缝,其发育程度一般与页岩中脆性矿物的含量呈正相关关系。高有机碳含量或异常高压页岩裂缝发育。裂缝发育程度与有机碳含量关系可以划分为4类。页岩裂缝发育程度与总含气量和游离气量呈正相关关系,页岩裂缝越发育,其含气量越大,产气量也越高。裂缝对页岩气藏的形成具有双重作用,一是裂缝可以作为天然气和地层水的有效储集空间和快速运移通道,有利于页岩层系中游离态天然气体积的增加和吸附态天然气的解吸,裂缝密度越大,走向越分散,产气量越高;二是裂缝规模过大,可能导致天然气散失。北美地区页岩裂缝发育带内的页岩气勘探成功率高,产气量高,中国四川盆地下古生界海相富有机质脆性页岩层中天然气有良好显示或高产气井均与裂缝发育密切相关。