中国北方地区植被覆盖度遥感估算及其变化分析

为了分析中国北方地区2000年之后植被覆盖度的时空分布及其变化,利用MODIS光谱反射率数据计算归一化植被指数,采用像元二分模型对中国北方地区2000—2012年植被覆盖度进行定量估算,分析研究区13 a间植被覆盖度的时空变化特征。研究结果表明:植被覆盖度年内变化特征体现在最大植被覆盖度一般出现在7和8月份,与中国北方地区植被的生长季相一致;整个中国北方地区年最大植被覆盖度呈现缓慢增长的趋势,其增长速率为每年0.2%;年最大植被覆盖度变化的空间分布具有较大差异,其中东北、华北和黄土高原等三北防护林工程建设区的年最大植被覆盖度有较明显的增长。     

Computable extensions of generalized fractional kinetic equations in astrophysics

Fractional calculus and special functions have contributed a lot to mathematical physics and its various branches.The great use of mathematical physics in distinguished astrophysical problems has attracted astronomers and physicists to pay more attention to available mathematical tools that can be widely used in solving several problems of astrophysics/physics.In view of the great importance and usefulness of kinetic equations in certain astrophysical problems,the authors derive a generalized fractional kin...     

关于处处没有导数的连续函数求分数阶导数的例子

范德瓦尔登给出了一个著名的处处没有导数的连续函数的例子,本文求出了这个函数的分数阶导数。     

不同类型基性层状侵入体的成因

论述了不同类型基性层状侵入体的成因。根据母岩浆特征划分出玄武岩浆侵入体和拉斑玄武岩浆侵入体两大类。     

Modelling Two-Phase Incompressible Flow in Porous Media Using Mixed Hybrid and Discontinuous Finite Elements

In this paper, we present a numerical model for simulating two-phase (oil–water and air–water) incompressible and immiscible flow in porous media. The mathematical model which is based on a fractional flow formulation is formed of two nonlinear partial differential equations: a mean pressure equation and a water saturation equation. These two equations can be solved in a sequential manner. Two numerical methods are used to discretize the equations of the two-phase flow model: mixed hybrid finite elements are used to treat the pressure equation, h-based Richards' equation and the diffusion term in the saturation equation, the advection term in the saturation equation is treated with the discontinuous finite elements. We propose a better way to calculate the nonlinear coefficients contained in our equations on each element of the discretized domain. In heterogeneous porous media, the saturation becomes discontinuous at the interface between two porous media. We show in this paper how to use the capillary pressure–saturation relationship in order to handle the saturation jump in the mixed hybrid finite element method. The two-phase flow simulator is verified against analytical solutions for some flow problems treated by other authors.     

Prediction analysis of long-term memory effect for calamity gray series

Are human able to foresee the future? For thou-sands of years close attention has been paid to this issue. At the present day, in order to survive from competition and to predominate over the nature, hu-man抯 desire of forecasting things has become more and more intense. Compared to conquering space, more people yearn for being able to control the time. From ancient to the present, mankind always dream of contacting the past, governing the present and tran-scending the future. Recent years in…     

Estimating contributions of sources of soil CO2 at the shallower layer in a Japanese larch forest area

Soils contain about twice the amount of carbon presented in the atmosphere, so a small change in the soil carbon will influence atmospheric chemistry and heat balance. The soil carbon ultimately exchanged with the atmospheric CO2 as soil CO2, which mainly exists at the depth of 0-20 cm. The transport of soil CO2 is affected by the sources of soil CO2. Thus, separation of the contributions of sources of soil CO2 is a fundamental need to understand and predict implications of environmental change on soil carbon cycling and sequestration. It is a complicated task, so that a number of different methodological approaches such as component integration, root removal, and gap analyses have been developed. However, these methods could not avoid changing soil characteristics such as air-filled porosity, soil temperature and soil water contents. Consequently, fractional contributions of respiration of living root and decomposition of soil organic matter to the total soil CO2 cannot be estimated correctly. In this study, based on mass balance theory of both concentrations and δ^13C of soil CO2, a trenching method with a stable-isotope technique was used to determine both soil CO2 sources at the depth of 3-13 cm in a Japanese larch forest area during 30 May to 7 October 2005 and fractional contributions of these sources. Experimental results showed that the amount of atmospheric CO2 invaded the soil air was not significantly variable while its percent rate in the total soil CO2 had significantly temporal variations with the lower values between 5 August and 1 September. The litter-layer decomposition was very small. The soil CO2 derived from the respiration of living root and the decomposition of soil organic matter showed significantly temporal variations with increase from 30 May to 5 Aug. and decrease from 1 September to 7 October, 2005; and it accounted for 82%-98% of the total soil CO2 in which the respiration of living root was in the range from 32% to 62%.     

Age and petrogenesis of plagiogranite intrusions in the Ankara mélange, central Turkey

Abstract   The Ankara mélange within the Izmir–Ankara–Erzincan suture zone in north-central Turkey includes ophiolitic fragments that represent the remnants of an oceanic basement evolved between the Sakarya and Kirsehir continental blocks in the early Mesozoic. The serpentinized upper mantle peridotites and lower crustal rocks in these ophiolites are cross-cut by dolerite and plagiogranite dykes, which show mutually intrusive relations indicating their synchronous emplacement into the pre-existing oceanic lithosphere. Zircon dating (U–Pb) of a plagiogranite dyke has revealed a concordia age of ∼179 ± 15 Ma that is interpreted here as the crystallization age of this differentiated rock. A fourth fraction of the zircon separates from this rock has also shown an inherited component greater than 1.7 Ga, possibly derived from the Precambrian core of the Rhodope–Strandja Metamorphic Massif in the Balkan Peninsula. Models for plagiogranite formation were tested and it is concluded that a high extent (<70%) of anhydrous or water-undersaturated, early amphibole-free fractionation of a basaltic melt source may have readily produced the observed REE concentrations for the Ankara mélange plagiogranites. The trace element abundances and other geochemical features of the coeval dolerite dykes are similar to those of the plagiogranites, suggesting a common melt source. The Ta–Nb patterns shown by both the plagiogranite and dolerite dykes are typical of arc-related petrogenesis and can be explained by the addition of slab-derived components to a depleted mantle wedge. The Early Jurassic ophiolitic basement and the dyke intrusions were formed in a back-arc setting between the Paleo- and Neo-Tethyan domains in the eastern Mediterranean region. The Izmir–Ankara–Erzincan Sea developed in this back-arc environment and the related suture zone had a diachronous evolutionary history.     

岩浆作用过程的一种有效判别方法──(1/C_i)-(1/C_j)和(或)lgC_i-lgC_j图解法

本文利用一种新的方法和（或）lgCi－lgCi图解法，明显地区分出地幔平衡部分熔融作用和岩浆分离结晶作用。并以亚速尔群岛中Terceira岛火山岩和汉诺坝玄武岩的实际资料验证了所推导的方法。     

砂岩孔隙结构分维及其应用

分形几何学特别适合于解决复杂环境中的许多问题。本文把砂岩孔隙结构置于分形几何学框架内，推导了小于孔隙半径ｒ的孔隙度与孔隙半径之间幂函数关系，表明其指数与孔隙结构分维（Ｄ）有关，用压汞曲线证实这种幂函数关系是客观存在的，提供了一种测量孔隙结构分维的方法。作者研究认为，孔隙结构分维（Ｄ）能定量表征砂岩的储集性能，并能反映砂岩孔隙结构的成因特征。Ｄ接近于２，砂岩储集性能极好；Ｄ接近于３，砂岩储集性能极差。不同成因的孔隙结构具有不同的分维，但相同或相似成因的孔隙结构的分维具有固定的范围。因此可用分维对砂岩孔隙结构进行分类和评价。实际应用效果较好。