Influence of topography on wind speed over a coastal dune and blowout system at Jockey's Ridge,NC, USA

This study examines the spatial distribution of wind speed across a coastal dune system located at Jockey's Ridge State Park, North Carolina. The study area consists of a trough blowout through a foredune ridge, and the landforms that have developed behind the foredune. Wind speed and direction were measured simultaneously with single sensors placed at a fixed height in 13 locations across the blowout/dune complex. Fractional wind speed‐up is computed for sampling stations using data from a mast located on the beach as the reference. Results show that wind speeds were generally accelerated across the study site. The highest speeds were recorded on the foredune ridges adjacent to the blowout. Wind was accelerated through the center of the blowout throat and along the downwind lateral wall. Further into the blowout, at the base of the ramp to the depositional lobe, higher wind speeds shifted to the upwind lateral wall and continued to accelerate up the ramp as air exited to the rear. Significant variations in the wind speed‐up pattern were associated with different wind approach angles, with greater speed‐up occurring when the winds were aligned normal to the dune system. The speed‐up decreased as the angle of approach became increasingly oblique to the ridge. The patterns of wind speed‐up across the site point to the influence of topography on airflow. To quantify the relationship, measures of several topographic variables were obtained along sample transects running upwind from each sample station along flow lines representing different wind approach angles. Examination of correlation coefficients between wind speed‐up and topographic variables suggests that for groups of stations with similar topographic characteristics, 30–50% of the variations in speed‐up may be explained by the upwind topographic variability. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

南水北调中线水源区植被覆盖度遥感监测分析

南水北调中线工程是我国大规模跨流域调水工程的一部分,开展该区域植被覆盖度变化的研究与分析,对于保护该区域的生态环境及水质具有重要意义。该文以2000年和2009年两期遥感图像为本底数据,利用基于NDVI的像元二分模型对南水北调中线水源区的植被覆盖度进行了估算,并分析了该区植被覆盖度的时空变化特征。结果表明:2000年该水源区植被覆盖度的平均值为67.5%,2009年的平均值达到72%,植被覆盖度总体呈增长趋势;植被覆盖度增幅的空间特征表现为水源区中部地区高,东西部地区相对较低;在不同植被类型中,落叶针叶林的覆盖度平均值增幅最大,草地覆盖度增幅最小;位于水源区的大多数县(市)的植被覆盖度在近十年来都有不同程度的增加,其中柞水县的植被覆盖度平均值增长幅度最大,这与国家实施退耕还林、封山育林、基本农田建设等政策有关。     

Petrogenesis of mafic and associated silicic end-member magmas for calc-alkaline mixed rocks in the Shirataka volcano,NE Japan

Eruptive products of the Shirataka volcano (0.9–0.7 Ma) in NE Japan are calc-alkaline andesite–dacite, and are divisible into six petrologic groups (G1–G6). Shirataka rocks possess mafic inclusions—basalt–basaltic andesite, except for G3 and G4. All rocks show mixing and mingling of the mafic and silicic end-members, with trends defined by hosts and inclusions divided into high-Cr and low-Cr types; both types coexist in G1, G2, and G5. Estimated mafic end-members are high-Cr (1120–1170°C, 48–51% SiO₂, olv ± cpx ± plg) and low-Cr type magmas (49–52% SiO₂, cpx ± plg) except for the Sr isotopic composition. In contrast, the silicic end-members of both types have similar petrologic features (790–840°C, 64–70% SiO₂, hbl ± qtz ± px + plg). High-Cr type mafic and corresponding silicic end-members have lower ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios than the low-Cr ones in each group. The trace element model calculations suggest that the low-Cr type mafic end-member magma is produced through ca. 20% fractional crystallization (olv ± cpx ± plg) from the high-Cr type one with assimilation of granitoids (r = 0.02–0.05). The silicic magmas are producible through <30% partial remelting of previously emplaced basaltic magma with assimilation of crustal components. The compositional difference between the low-K and medium-K basalts in the Shirataka volcano is mainly attributed to the different degrees of the effect of subduction derived fluid by dehydration of phlogopite. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

时间序列植被覆盖度断点检测方法研究

断点检测技术能够提取时间序列数据中发生变化的信息,对时序变化特征的研究和分析具有重要意义。在植被变化研究中,它有助于发掘时序植被参数数据中潜在的连续变化信息（如火烧、砍伐和病虫害等）,具有较广阔的应用前景。本文以2000-2015年空间分辨率为250 m的福建省长汀县MODIS NDVI遥感时序产品计算的植被覆盖度（Vegetation Fractional Coverage, VFC）为数据源,利用DBEST（Detecting Breakpoints and Estimating Segments in Trend）模型开展植被变化断点检测与分析,并讨论了模型参数对实验结果的影响。经研究发现,使用DBEST推荐的第一、第二水平变化阈值（即θ₁、θ₂分别为0.1和0.2）可较好地界定植被覆盖度的变化级别;变化持续时长φ可根据所用时序数据的类型和当地植被变化特点进行调整,表示断点变化级别的阈值β也可根据研究目标自定义;本文φ取3,β取0.2,实验得到断点位置和断点类型的精确度分别为92%和80%,表明DBEST模型能够很好地提取时间序列VFC数据中的重要变化信息,与当地实际情况比较吻合。     

膨胀土应力松弛的分数阶模型

为了更准确地描述膨胀土应力松弛的力学特性,应用分数阶微积分理论构造的软体元件取代传统元件模型中的理想黏滞元件,并考虑黏滞系数的损伤劣化,建立了可以更加准确地反映南宁膨胀土非线性应力松弛特性的三元件模型。通过一系列室内试验研究,探索了在不同含水率条件下南宁膨胀土的应力松弛规律,并根据对试验结果的分析,确定了相关的模型参数,得到了膨胀土在不同含水率条件下的应力松弛方程。与整数阶西原模型和整数阶St.Venant模型进行对比,其结果表明所提出的改进模型能更有效地模拟膨胀土应力松弛的全过程,且模型具有结构简单、计算参数少、计算精度高和便于实际应用等优点。研究结果为膨胀土在长期荷载作用下的应力松弛分析提供了理论基础。     

Constraints on melt production rate beneath the mid-ocean ridges based on passive flow models

Pure and Applied Geophysics - We present a model for computing the total melt production rate from the decompression partial melting region beneath a mid-ocean ridge, and the maximum oceanic...     

Dynamic change of net primary productivity and fractional vegetation cover in the Yellow River Basin using multi-temporal AVHRR NDVI Data

An exponential relationship between net primary productivity (NPP) and integrated NDVI has been found in this paper. Based on the relationship and using multi-temporal 8 km resolution NOAA AVHRR-NDVI data, the spatial distribution and dynamic change of NPP and fractional vegetation cover in the Yellow River Basin from 1982 to 1999 are analyzed. Finally, the effect of rainfall on NDVI is examined. Results show that mean NPP and fractional vegetation cover have an inclining trend for the whole basin, and rainfall in flood season influences vegetation cover most.     

江苏溧阳火山岩的成因演化及构造环境探讨

江苏溧阳盆地火山岩主要由钙碱性的安山岩、英安岩和流纹岩等组成。岩石以富集钾族元素而贫高场强元素为特征。稀土元素配分型式表现为轻稀土的相对富集，并且Eu负异常。岩相学和主要元素及微量元素的变化都表明，分离结晶是溧阳火山岩岩浆演化的主要机理。笔者应用岩石学混合计算方法和热力学模式宣地模拟了这一过程。根据岩石组合及岩石化学的特点，认为溧阳火山岩是中生代时期中国东部大陆边缘板块俯冲作用的产物。     

采用分数槽绕组降低直线感应电机的温升

低速直线感应电机极距小、气隙大,导致无功电流大,电机的温升很高。研究了每极每相槽数略大于1的分数槽对谐波导致的无功电流的影响,指出在电机结构和工艺能接受的前提下,采用分数槽绕组可显著降低电机的无功电流,达到降低温升的目的。     

Seismic analysis of structures with a fractional derivative model of viscoelastic dampers

Viscoelastic dampers are now among some of the preferred energy dissipation devices used for passive seismic response control. To evaluate the performance of structures installed with viscoelastic dampers, different analytical models have been used to characterize their dynamic force deformation characteristics. The fractional derivative models have received favorable attention as they can capture the frequency dependence of the material stiffness and damping properties observed in the tests very well. However, accurate analytical procedures are needed to calculate the response of structures with such damper models. This paper presents a modal analysis approach, similar to that used for the analysis of linear systems, for solving the equations of motion with fractional derivative terms for arbitrary forcing functions such as those caused by earthquake induced ground motions. The uncoupled modal equations still have fractional derivatives, but can be solved by numerical or analytical procedures. Both numerical and analytical procedures are formulated. These procedures are then used to calculate the dynamic response of a multi-degree of freedom shear beam structure excited by ground motions. Numerical results demonstrating the response reducing effect of viscoelastic dampers are also presented.