Aftershock risk assessment and the decision to open traffic on bridges

Critical issues in emergency management after a seismic event are assessing the functionality of the main infrastructures (hospitals, road network, etc.) and deciding on their usability just after the mainshock. The use of a pure analytical tool to assess the aftershock risk of a structure can be contrasted with the limited time available to make a decision about the usability of a structure. For this reason, this paper presents a method for evaluating post‐earthquake bridge practicability based on a rational combination of information derived from numerical analyses and in situ inspections. In particular, we propose an effective tool to speed up the decision‐making process involved in evaluating the seismic risk of mainshock‐damaged bridges in the context of aftershocks. The risk is calculated by combining the aftershock hazard using the Omori law and the fragility curves of the structure, which are calculated using the regression analysis of a sample of results obtained with data randomly generated by the Latin Hypercube Sampling technique and updated based on the results of in situ inspection. Different decision criteria regarding the practicability of bridges are discussed, and a new criterion is proposed. This tool was applied to an old highway RC viaduct. There are two main findings, including the high sensitivity to Bayesian updating (especially when the damage predicted by numerical analysis does not match the real damage) and the criteria used to decide when re‐open bridges to traffic. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Seismic response analysis of bridges isolated with friction pendulum bearings

A systematic method is developed for the dynamic analysis of the structures with sliding isolation which is a highly non-linear dynamic problem. According to the proposed method, a unified motion equation can be adapted for both stick and slip modes of the system. Unlike the traditional methods by which the integration interval has to be chopped into infinitesimal pieces during the transition of sliding and non-sliding modes, the integration interval remains constant throughout the whole process of the dynamic analysis by the proposed method so that accuracy and efficiency in the analysis of the non-linear system can be enhanced to a large extent. Moreover, the proposed method is general enough to be adapted for the analysis of the structures with multiple sliding isolators undergoing independent motion conditions simultaneously. The superiority of the proposed method for the analysis of sliding supported structures is verified by a three-span continuous bridge subjected to harmonic motions and real earthquakes. In addition, the side effect of excessive displacement of the superstructure induced by the sliding isolation is eliminated by replacing one of the roller supports on the abutments with hinge support. Therefore, both reductions in the forces of the substructure and the displacements of the superstructure can be achieved simultaneously. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Computable extensions of generalized fractional kinetic equations in astrophysics

Fractional calculus and special functions have contributed a lot to mathematical physics and its various branches.The great use of mathematical physics in distinguished astrophysical problems has attracted astronomers and physicists to pay more attention to available mathematical tools that can be widely used in solving several problems of astrophysics/physics.In view of the great importance and usefulness of kinetic equations in certain astrophysical problems,the authors derive a generalized fractional kin...     

非组合与组合PPP模型比较及定位性能分析

非差模糊度经过未校准硬件延迟小数部分（fractional cycle bias,FCB）产品改正后恢复整周特性,能够显著缩短精密单点定位（precise point positioning,PPP）的初始化时间。服务端采用非组合模型估计FCB产品时,由于电离层误差的影响,原始频点L1和L2的FCB无法准确分离,因此提出一种基于消电离层组合FCB产品的非组合PPP部分模糊度固定方法。由于传统服务端消电离层组合FCB产品算法与用户端非组合模糊度固定算法具有一致性,可采用星间单差的宽巷和原始频点模糊度构建窄巷模糊度,利用消电离层组合FCB产品进行分步模糊度固定。采用全球120个MGEX（multi-GNSS experiment）测站作为服务端生成消电离层组合FCB和非组合FCB产品,再选取全球未参与服务端解算的10个测站进行评估验证。实验结果表明,相对于使用传统非组合FCB的模糊度固定方法,静态情况下,所提方法收敛精度平均提升25.0%,收敛时间缩短21.1%;仿动态条件下,所提方法收敛精度平均提升26.7%,收敛时间缩短17.9%。     

Prediction analysis of long-term memory effect for calamity gray series

Are human able to foresee the future? For thou-sands of years close attention has been paid to this issue. At the present day, in order to survive from competition and to predominate over the nature, hu-man抯 desire of forecasting things has become more and more intense. Compared to conquering space, more people yearn for being able to control the time. From ancient to the present, mankind always dream of contacting the past, governing the present and tran-scending the future. Recent years in…     

分形方法在洪涝灾害预测中的应用：以广西梧州为例

洪涝灾害是由暴雨洪水形成的一种突发性、最常见的自然灾害,它发发生在时间序列上具有分形特征。以广西梧州解放以来发生的特大洪涝灾害年份建立灾变日期序列,运用分式布朗运动模型中的Ｒ／Ｓ分析对洪涝灾害发生的时间序列进行模拟,计算了Ｈ指数值,建立了（τ）／Ｓ（τ）的幂函数关系式等,并以此为依据,预测下次灾年将在１９９９年出现。     

ON THE NECESSITY OF APPLYING A ROTATION TO INSTANTANEOUS VELOCITY MEASUREMENTS IN RIVER FLOWS

In studies on river channel flow turbulence, it is often the case that the measured mean vertical velocity is different from zero, indicating that the frame of reference of the current meter is not parallel to the flow streamline. This situation affects the estimate of Reynolds shear stress in the streamwise and vertical planes and consequently the analysis of the flow turbulent structure. One way to solve this problem is to correct data by applying a rotation and this is reviewed in the first part of the paper. However, in fluvial geomorphology, the studied flow is often complex and streamlines may exhibit significant changes from one point of measurement to the other. In this context, applying a rotation complicates the situation more than it simplifies it. The second part of this paper examines the question of velocity data correction in complex flows using a field example of the turbulent boundary layer over a very rough gravel bed and a laboratory example taken from flow at a river channel confluence. In both cases, velocity vectors are spatially variable. In the first case, errors in the Reynolds shear stress estimates are relatively low (ranging from −13 to 7 per cent/deg) while in the second case, they are much larger (−200 to 164 per cent/deg). The significance of these errors on the interpretation of turbulence statistics in river channel flows is discussed. We propose that corrections should be applied in all clear cases of sensor misalignment and when the frame of reference changes spatially and temporally. However, no corrections should be used where different flow velocity vector orientations, not sensor misalignment, are responsible for the mean vertical velocity differing from zero.     

一种基于分数阶傅里叶变换的改进图像加密算法

针对目前基于分数阶傅里叶变换的图像加密算法中存在的不足,设计了一种基于分数阶傅里叶变换和混沌系统的图像加密新算法。图像加密过程分两个步骤：首先将原始图像的分数阶傅里叶变换系数经过双随机相位加密,然后利用混沌系统生成的置乱矩阵对图像进行置乱加密后得到最终的加密图像。方案的安全性依赖于随机相位掩膜、分数阶傅里叶变换阶数以及混沌系统的初始参数。理论分析和模拟实验结果表明该方案具有良好的图像加密效果。     

Dynamic change of net primary productivity and fractional vegetation cover in the yellow river Basin using multi-temporal AVHRR NDVI Data

An exponential relationship between net primary productivity (NPP) and integrated NDVI has been found in this paper. Based on the relationship and using multi-temporal 8 km resolution NOAA AVHRR-NDVI data, the spatial distribution and dynamic change of NPP and fractional vegetation cover in the Yellow River Basin from 1982 to 1999 are analyzed. Finally, the effect of rainfall on NDVI is examined. Results show that mean NPP and fractional vegetation cover have an inclining trend for the whole basin, and rainfall in flood season influences vegetation cover most.