浑善达克沙地土地沙漠化过程中土壤粒度与养分变化研究

浑善达克沙地土壤空间异质性大,流动沙丘粒度组成和非沙漠化土地养分含量都存在极显著差异。随着土地沙漠化的发展,土壤表层通常形成粗化层,土壤中的重要养分有机碳（SOC）和全氮（TN）的含量显著下降,且SOC含量比TN含量存在更大的空间差异和随沙漠化土地发展更快的下降速率,致使土壤表层C/N值存在明显下降趋势。沙漠化土地表层土壤中SOC含量和TN含量与土壤粘粒含量和粗粉沙含量之间存在很好的相关性,尤其与土壤粘粒含量的相关性非常高;而且与TN含量的相关性高于与SOC含量的相关性。各种原因引起的土壤风蚀是造成沙漠化发展中土壤过程的主要动力因素,严重影响着土壤的稳定与土壤细物质和养分的迁移。     

Integrated assessment of lateral flow, density effects and dispersion in aquifer storage and recovery

Aquifer storage and recovery (ASR) involves the injection of freshwater into an aquifer for later recovery and use. This paper investigates three major factors leading to reduction in performance of ASR systems in brackish or saline aquifers: lateral flow, density-driven flow and dispersive mixing. Previous analyses of aquifer storage and recovery (ASR) have considered at most two of the above processes, but never all three together, and none have considered lateral flow and density effects together. In this analysis, four dimensionless parameters are defined to give an approximate characterisation of lateral flow, dispersive mixing, mixed convection (density effects during pumping) and free convection (density effects during storage). An extensive set of numerical models spanning a wide parameter range is then used to develop a predictive framework using the dimensionless numbers. If the sum of the four dimensionless numbers (denoted R_ASR) exceeds 10, the ASR operation is likely to fail with no recoverable freshwater, while if R_ASR < 0.1, the ASR operation is likely to provide at least some recovery of freshwater. The predictive framework is tested using limited data available from ASR field sites, broadly lending support to the framework. This study has several important implications. Firstly, the lack of completeness of field data sets in the literature must be rectified if we are to properly characterise mixed-convective flow processes in ASR operations. Once data are available, the dimensionless numbers can be used to identify suitable ASR sites and the desirable operational conditions that maximise recovery efficiencies.     

Land use effects on soil organic carbon, nitrogen and salinity in saline-alkaline wetland

Land-use and soil management affects soil organic carbon （SOC） pools, nitrogen, salinity and the depth distribution. The objective of this study was to estimate land-use effects on the distribution of SOC, labile fractions C, nitrogen （N） and salinity in saline-alkaline wetlands in the middle reaches of the Heihe River Basin. Three land-use types were selected： intact saline-alkaline meadow wetland, artificial shrubbery （planting Tamarix） and farmland （cultivated for 18 years） of soils previously under meadow wetland. SOC, easily oxidized carbon, microbial biomass carbon, total N, NO3--N and salinity concentrations were measured. The results show that SOC and labile fraction carbon contents decreased significantly with increasing soil depth in the three land-use wetlands. The labile fraction carbon contents in the topsoil （0-20cm） in cultivated soils were significantly higher than that in intact meadow wetland and artificial shrubbery soil. The aboveground biomass and soil permeability were the primary influencing factors on the contents of SOC and the labile carbon in the intact meadow wetland and artificial shrubbery soil, however, the farming practice was a factor in cultivated soil. Agricultural measures can effectively reduce the salinity contents; however, it caused a significant increase of NO 3--N concentrations which posed a threat to groundwater quality in the study area.     

基于浮游植物流式细胞仪对胶州湾春季浮游植物的研究

本文基于浮游植物流式细胞仪Cyto Sub对2014年春季胶州湾浮游植物功能群组成及其与环境因子的关系开展研究。Cyto Sub共检测出6个浮游植物类群,分别是聚球藻、微微型真核浮游植物、隐藻、微型单细胞藻、小型单细胞藻和链状藻。多元统计分析显示胶州湾春季浮游植物可划分为两个群落,群落1主要由湾外站位组成,浮游植物生物量浓度为15.15μg/L(以碳含量计,以下同),以小型单细胞藻、链状藻和微型单细胞藻为主;群落2主要由湾内站位组成,浮游植物生物量浓度为72.83μg/L,以链状藻为主。胶州湾的优势类群为链状藻,其丰度与水温和营养盐浓度呈显著正相关关系。与其他浮游植物粒级研究方法的比较表明,当调查海域优势种为小粒径的链状藻时,该方法能够快速、准确地测量出各个浮游植物类群的粒径参数,从而推算出浮游植物群落的粒级结构。     

Stable isotopic and elemental characteristics of recent tufa from a karstic Krka River (south‐east Slovenia): useful environmental proxies?

Tufa samples from 16 consecutive barrages along a 13 km section of the groundwater‐fed Krka River (Slovenia) were analysed for their petrographical, mineralogical, elemental and stable carbon (δ¹³C) and oxygen (δ¹⁸O) isotope composition, to establish their relation to current climatic and hydrological conditions. Waters constantly oversaturated with calcite and the steep morphology of the Krka riverbed stimulate rapid CO₂ degassing and subsequent tufa precipitation. The carbon isotope fractionation (Δ¹³C) between dissolved inorganic carbon and tufa in the Krka River evolves towards isotopic equilibrium being controlled by continuous CO₂ degassing and tufa precipitation rate downstream. The Δ¹³C increased from 1·9 to 2·5‰ (VPDB); however, since tufa precipitation rates remain similar downstream, the major controlling factor of carbon isotope exchange is most probably related to the continuous ¹²CO₂ degassing downstream leaving the carbon pool enriched in ¹³C. In the case of oxygen, the isotope fractionation (Δ¹⁸O) was found to be from 1·0 to 2·3‰ (VSMOW) smaller than reported in the literature. The observed discrepancies are due to different precipitation rates of calcite deposits because Krka tufas on cascades grow relatively faster compared to slowly precipitated calcite deposits in cave or stream pools. Due to non‐equilibrium oxygen isotope exchange between Krka tufa and water, the δ¹⁸O proxy showed from 1·2 to 8·2°C higher calculated water temperatures compared to measured water temperatures, demonstrating that δ¹⁸O proxy‐based temperature equations are not reliable for water temperature calculations of fast‐growing tufa on cascades. Because Mg is bound to the terrigenous dolomite fraction in the Krka tufa samples, the Mg/Ca was also found to be an unreliable temperature proxy yielding over up to 20°C higher calculated water temperatures.     

广西县（市）域植被覆盖度评价与地理分区

利用250m分辨率的MODIS遥感数据,采用遥感信息定量化方法,以县、市辖区单元为评价单元建立植被覆盖度评价综合指数模型,计算各县、市辖区的植被覆盖综合指数并利用逐步聚类分析方法进行分组,在GIS平台上实现图形可视化表达地理分区。结果表明：依据植被覆盖综合指数值大小,广西89个县、市辖区被聚类成7个分区;广西西部、北部和东部地区的植被覆盖总体水平较高,中部和南部地区的植被覆盖总体水平较低,植被覆盖水平从西部、北部和东部地区往中部和南部地区存在较明显地从高到低的变化规律。     

Principle and application of three-band gradient difference vegetation index

Vegetation index is a simple, effective and experiential measurement of terrestrial vegetation activity, and plays a very important role in qualitative and quantitative remote sensing. Aiming at shortages of current vegetation indices, and starting from the analysis of vegetation spectral characteristics, we put forward a new vegetation index, the three-band gradient difference vegetation index (TGDVI), and established algorithms to inverse crown cover fraction and leaf area index (LAI) from it. Theoretical analysis and model simulation show that TGDVI has high saturation point and the ability to remove the influence of background to some degree, and the explicit functional relation with crown cover fraction and LAI can be established. Moreover, study shows that TGDVI also has the ability to partly remove the influence of thin cloud. Experiment in the Shunyi District, Beijing, China shows that reasonable result can be reached using the vegetation index to retrieve LAI. We also theoretically analyzed the     

黄土-古土壤沉积物中酸溶相硼的分离及其同位素测定

用０．５ｍｏｌ／ＬＨＣｌ提取黄土、古土壤中的酸溶相成分,并用混合树脂法和硼特效树脂法两方法叠加以硼进行分离和纯化,Ｃｓ２ＢＯ２＾＋法测同位素比值。结果表明,虽然混合树脂法和硼特效脂法都是较成熟的方法,但用来处理杂质离子含量相对高而硼含量低的样品深液并不成功。两种方法叠加处理后达到理想的效果,重复处理黄土－古土壤样品的精度（２ＲＳＤ）在０．４‰～０．４‰之间,这与标样（ＮＩＳＴ ＳＲＭ９５１）水平（     

干旱半干旱地区植被覆盖度遥感信息提取研究

提出了利用中等分辨率与高分辨率卫星图像相结合建立植被覆盖度提取模型以获取大范围植被覆盖度的方法。该方法简单、实用，适合于利用中等分辨率卫星图像进行大范围宏观监测。     

利用夜间热红外数据求取玉米冠层孔隙率

孔隙率是光线透过冠层未被拦截到达地表的概率,是描述冠层结构和生物量空间分布的关键变量。已有研究证明,在夜间热红外图像上,玉米地各亮温组分比较稳定,并且温度均值有明显差异,易于区分。本研究的目的是利用2005年8月23日在怀来测得的夜间热红外数据求取中等密度的玉米冠层(LA I=3.64)在不同角度下的孔隙率。结果表明,在沿垄行方向,孔隙率随着天顶角变化缓慢;而在其他方向(45°和90°)变化较快,且变化趋势相似。将测得结构参数代入余涛的热红外方向辐射性模型,模拟出不同方向下的孔隙率。将测量值与模拟值进行对比,二者有一定的相似性,模型能较好地抓住玉米冠层孔隙率的主要特征。针对二者间的差异,初步分析是由测量中观测目标不完全一致、角度控制不精确、测量高度过低以及投影函数和丛生参数的选择等原因引起的。