Automated Sizing of Coarse-Grained Sediments: Image-Processing Procedures

This is the first in a pair of papers in which we present image-processing-based procedures for the measurement of fluvial gravels. The spatial and temporal resolution of surface grain-size characterization is constrained by the time-consuming and costly nature of traditional measurement techniques. Several groups have developed image-processing-based procedures, but none have demonstrated the transferability of these techniques between sites with different lithological, clast form and textural characteristics. Here we focus on image-processing procedures for identifying and measuring image objects (i.e. grains); the second paper examines the application of such procedures to the measurement of fluvially deposited gravels. Four image-segmentation procedures are developed, each having several internal parameters, giving a total of 416 permutations. These are executed on 39 images from three field sites at which the clasts have contrasting physical properties. The performance of each procedure is evaluated against a sample of manually digitized grains in the same images, by comparing three derived statistics. The results demonstrate that it is relatively straightforward to develop procedures that satisfactorily identify objects in any single image or a set of images with similar sedimentary characteristics. However, the optimal procedure is that which gives consistently good results across sites with dissimilar sedimentary characteristics. We show that neighborhood-based operations are the most powerful, and a morphological bottom-hat transform with a double threshold is optimal. It is demonstrated that its performance approaches that of the procedures giving the best results for individual sites. Overall, it out-performs previously published, or improvements to previously published, methods.     

Proposed river-linking project of India: a boon or bane to nature

India is a vast country and is highly diversified in terms of natural resources and socio-economic setup. Moreover, its water resources are unevenly distributed in space and time. With increasing population and increasing aspiration for improved standard of living, there is an acute pressure on the demand and availability of water. Though the idea of interlinking of rivers is not a new concept in India, it had rather persisted long back as much as in other countries of ancient civilization. National Water Development Agency (NWDA) has given the real shape to the proposal of the interlinking of rivers of the country. In India the river-linking project in a sensible and scientific manner will not only allow the prevention of the colossal wastage of a vitally important natural resource, mitigate the flood and inundation by detaining flowing surface water of rainy seasons, but also ensure availability of water to drier areas; combating both flood and drought simultaneously. Moreover, this project will generate 34,000 MW of hydropower and irrigation of an additional 35 million hectares (135,135 square miles) of land. Though linking of rivers may initially appear to be a costly proposition in ecological, geological, hydrological and economical terms, in the long run the net benefits coming from it will far outweigh these costs or losses. However, in the absence of any definite international legal framework, Bangladesh has raised objections against the project. This paper aims at looking at this long-term plan, the project proposal, its involvement and impact not only on the states of India, India as a whole, but also on its neighbouring nations which are linked with India through the waterways, and share the common climatic conditions and economic status.     

SWAT模型在三江源地区适用性的初步分析

为验证SWAT模型在三江源地区运用的可行性,利用SWAT模型对黄河源头地区的地表径流进行了模拟,结果表明：SWAT模型在三江源地区水文水资源模拟是可行的,模拟结果与实测结果具有良好的一致性,对未来气候变化背景下水资源变化预测结果与其他研究结论基本一致。SWAT模型在三江源地区可运用于水文水资源的利用及管理、气候变化背景下水资源的变化模拟、洪水短期预报、人工增雨对水资源的影响、冰雪消融对河流水文特征的影响。由于区域环境特点,在使用SWAT模型时,必须解决气象站点稀缺、流域面积过大且分属不同流域、验证资料缺乏、冻土层的存在、地理信息系统资料陈旧等问题。总体而言,SWAT模型在我国高原地区有一定推广及应用价值。     

Heat flux calculations for Mackenzie and Yukon Rivers

This study analyzes long-term (40–60 years) discharge and water temperature records collected near the basin outlets of the Yukon and Mackenzie Rivers. It defines seasonal cycles of discharge, water temperature (WT), and heat flux (HF) for the basins, and compares their main features to understand their similarity and difference. Both rivers have similar hydrographs, i.e. low flows in winter and high discharge in summer, with the peak flood in June due to snowmelt runoff. Mackenzie River has many large lakes and they sustain the higher base flows over the fall/winter season. Mackenzie basin is large with high precipitation, thus producing 50% more discharge than the Yukon River to the Arctic Ocean. The WT regimes are also similar between the two rivers. Yukon River WT is about 2–3 °C warmer than the Mackenzie over the open water months. Both rivers have the highest WT in the mid summer and they transport large amount of heat to the polar ocean system. Yukon River monthly HF is lower by 10–60% than the Mackenzie mainly due to smaller discharge. Mackenzie River heat transport peaks in July, while the Yukon HF reaches the maximum in June and July. These results provide critical knowledge of river thermal condition and energy transport to the northern seas. They are useful for large-scale climate and ocean model development and validation, and climate/hydrology change research in the northern regions.     

GNSS控制网起算点的选择及分析

根据现行规范结合实际生产实践,运用平面四参数坐标转换法对GNSS控制网起算点进行兼容性检验的基础上,以实例分析了GNSS控制网起算点的兼容性及其分布对平差结果的影响,对GNSS控制网起算点的选择具有一定的借鉴作用。     

对常用大地坐标系间坐标转换方法的评价

常用坐标系间的相互转换对于现代工程应用有着十分重要的意义。实现坐标转换,需要若干公共已知点。然而,实际工程应用中,公共已知点的坐标信息一般难以获取,尤其是点的高程信息。针对该问题,本文利用实际数据,比较分析了在公共点无高程信息时,常用大地坐标系间坐标转换的4种方法（四参数法、多项式拟合法、高程迭代法、改化坐标法）在转换精度和其他方面的优劣。结果表明,4种方法都有着比较高的转换精度,而改化坐标法有着无需分带、单次迭代、仅需3个公共点、精度较高、精度指标一致的综合优势。     

边缘化地区特征、形成机制及对策研究——以河南省黄淮四市为例

通过对边缘化理论和内涵的阐述,在中部崛起和中原城市群这一经济发展战略背景下,以河南省黄淮四市为例,分析边缘化地区的特征及其形成机制,认为区域交通条件和行政区划分割造成发展"交易成本"过高,落后的经济基础成为边缘化的历史原因,并在全球化、市场化和区域政策的作用下,通过"路径依赖"机制不断强化,最终导致发展的边缘化。基于此,从发挥边缘效应、调整产业结构、构建区域中心城市和制度创新等角度提出发展对策。     

喀斯特筑坝河流中生物碳泵效应的碳施肥及对水化学时空变化的影响——以贵州平寨水库及红枫湖为例

耦联水生光合作用的碳酸盐风化碳汇是全球碳循环的重要组成部分,而生物碳泵效应是稳定碳酸盐风化碳汇的关键机制.河流筑坝后,生物碳泵效应的变化、控制因素及对水化学影响的研究甚少.本研究对2个喀斯特筑坝河流平寨水库和红枫湖进行系统采样,以研究河流筑坝后生物碳泵效应的变化、控制因素及对水化学的影响.研究结果表明,入库河流的水化学变化不明显,而2个水库的水化学则表现出显著的季节变化特征,具体表现为水库的水温和pH均呈现出夏季高、冬季低的变化特征,而电导率（EC）、HCO₃^-浓度和pCO₂则表现出夏季低、冬季高的季节变化特征.以叶绿素a（Chl.a）浓度和溶解氧（DO）饱和度指代的生物碳泵效应则是在夏季最强、冬季最弱.生物碳泵效应利用溶解性无机碳（DIC）,形成有机质并释放出氧气,是造成夏季水库pH值和DO饱和度升高,电导率（EC）、HCO₃^-浓度和pCO₂降低的主要因素.空间上,水库的Chl.a浓度及DO饱和度均大于河水,EC、HCO₃^-浓度和pCO₂均小于河水,这表明河流筑坝后,由于水库的“湖泊化”导致水库的生物碳泵效应显著提高.通过对Chl.a与碳、氮和磷浓度及化学计量比的相关性分析发现,平寨水库和红枫湖的生物碳泵效应受到碳施肥的影响.平寨水库和红枫湖水库生物碳泵效应碳施肥机制的发现,表明在喀斯特地区,生物碳泵效应不仅受到氮磷元素的控制,也受到碳元素的控制,因此在富营养化湖泊治理时,也应考虑碳的影响.     

环太湖江苏段入湖河道污染物通量与湖区水质的响应关系

基于2008-2018年环太湖江苏段入湖河道污染物通量及湖区水质数据,从时空变化及相关关系两个方面探讨了入湖污染物通量与湖区水质的响应关系,并分析了污染物进入湖体影响水质的主要因子.结果表明:太湖污染减排已见成效,氨氮、总氮、高锰酸盐指数和化学需氧量入湖污染物通量整体呈下降趋势,年均下降率分别为8.0%、2.0%、1.6%和2.2%,湖体氨氮和总氮时间格局响应较好,年均下降率分别为2.1%和2.3%.湖体氨氮、总氮、总磷、高锰酸盐指数和化学需氧量与入湖污染物通量整体由西北部、西部湖区向东南部、东部湖区递减,空间格局上响应基本一致.全湖区年尺度总氮、氨氮浓度与入湖河道污染物通量分别呈显著正相关、极显著正相关关系;影响湖区总氮、氨氮的主要因子为入湖河道的总氮、氨氮浓度,其次为入湖河道浓度与原湖区水质差值,因此亟需加强入湖河道水质浓度的控制.     

FS-J1四分量净全辐射表在北极地区的性能评测

在全球变暖的背景下,全球的净全辐射监测越来越受到人们的重视,逐渐成为研究区域天气气候的重要手段。为了研究国产FS-J1型四分量净全辐射表在极地条件下的各项性能,于2017年4月10—23日在美国阿拉斯加巴罗地区(203.5°E,71.4°N)进行了为期2周的地面净全辐射量实时监测,并与极地地区应用较广的CNR4型四分量净全辐射表进行对比测试。结果表明:(1)在表面无结冰/霜条件下,国产仪器FS-J1型四分量净全辐射表在不同晴空和日夜条件下都表现出较好的精度和线性关系,各项参数与CNR4的相对误差和相关系数总体分别在5%以内和0.9以上。(2)受极地条件影响,FS-J1表面结冰/霜后,会对辐射变化的响应出现延迟,对总辐射表和地球辐射表分别能造成最大约25%和7%的相对误差。所以针对极地辐射站加设合适的通风加热装置、发展较为合理的误差订正方案仍是国产仪器以后需要改进的关键点。