丹江口水库上游梯级开发后产漂流性卵鱼类早期资源及其演变

2014年对丹江口水库上游四大家鱼等产漂流性卵鱼类进行早期资源的现状调查,结果表明丹江口水库上游现有产漂流性卵鱼类共14种,以银鮈、蛇鮈、花斑副沙鳅、、蒙古鲌等鱼类为主,四大家鱼卵64粒,仅占卵数的1.02%.与1977年、1993年历史调查的产漂流性卵鱼类早期资源数据相比,产卵场数量减少6处,产卵场的规模和位置发生显著变化.丹江口水库上游产漂流性卵鱼类产卵总量下降明显,从1977年的近1745.86亿粒(尾)下降到2014年的455502.76万粒(尾);其中四大家鱼卵苗径流量下降幅度最为显著,从171.27亿粒(尾)下降到4295.22万粒(尾),四大家鱼卵苗径流量占鱼类卵苗总径流量的比例也从9.81%下降到了0.94%以下.     

三江源地区近50年降水变化分析

利用西北及三江源(黄河、金沙江及澜沧江)地区122个气象观测台站1956—2004年近50年的逐日降水量及月总降水量资料,分析了三江源地区降水变化特征。结果表明:近50年来三江源地区的年降水量呈减少趋势,减少幅度为6.73mm/10a;降水日数的趋势变化呈较为明显的减少趋势,递减率为2.7d/10a;平均降水强度总体呈弱的增强趋势,增强速率平均为0.20mm/d/10a,增强幅度比中国西北地区平均水平强;从4~9月最长无降水日数趋于增长反映出西北地区干旱化的趋势。     

Study of substrate and physico-chemical base classification of the rivers of Nepal

The rivers in Nepal are classified in terms of geographical regions but a more scientific classification such as on the ba-sis of morphology is clearly lacking. This study was done in 9 rivers namely Jhikhukhola of the Koshi system, Aandhikhola, Arungkhola, East Rapti, Karrakhola, Seti and main channel Narayani of the Gandaki system, and two independent systems within Nepal, Bagmati and Tinau. Among the morphologies, river bed or the substratum was taken as the main variable for the analysis which was categ...     

Entrainment,displacement and transport of tracer gravels

The mass and size distribution of grain entrainment per unit bed area may be measured by replacing a volume of the bed with tracer gravels and observing the mass difference before and after a transport event. This measure of spatial entrainment is relevant to any process involving size-selective exchange of sediment between transport and bed and may be directly used in calculations of sediment transport rate using an elementary relation for fractional transport components presented here. This relation provides a basis for evaluating tracer data collected by different methods and may be used to provide physical insight regarding the expected behaviour of tracer grains. The variation with grain size of total displacement length L_ti depends on the degree of mobilization of the individual fractions on the bed surface: L_ti is independent of D_i for smaller, fully mobile sizes and decreases rapidly with D_i for larger fractions in a state of partial transport (in which a portion of the surface grains remain immobile through the flow event). The boundary between fully and partially mobile grain sizes increases with flow strength. These inferences are supported by values of L_ti calculated from flume experiments and provide a physical explanation for a summary relation between L_ti and D_i based on field data. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A general Lagrangian tracking methodology for riverine flow and transport

This article presents a new public domain tool for generalized Lagrangian particle tracking in rivers. The approach can be applied with a variety of two- and three-dimensional flow solvers. Particle advection by the flow is incorporated using flow fields from the chosen solver assuming particles follow the Reynolds-averaged flow, although some other simple passive and active particle behaviors are also treated. Turbulence effects are treated using a random walk algorithm with spatial step lengths randomly chosen from Gaussian distributions characterized by the diffusivity from the flow solver. Our work extends this concept to a general framework that is solver and coordinate system independent to allow easy comparisons between differing flow treatments. To better treat problems where detailed information is required in specific regions, the approach includes novel cloning and colligation algorithms which enhance local resolution at modest computational expense. We also provide tools for computing local concentrations and total exposure over a user-specified time interval. Several examples of predictions are provided to illustrate applications of the technique, including examination of the role of curvature-driven secondary flows, storage in lateral separation eddies, treatment of larval drift, treatment of fuel spill dispersion, river-floodplain connections, and sedimentation in floodplain ponds by tie channel connections. We also demonstrate that the model can reproduce analytically derived concentration profiles for simple diffusivities. These examples show that the Lagrangian particle tracking approach and the extensions proposed here are broadly applicable and viable for treating difficult river problems with multiple temporal and spatial scales. The examples also illustrate the utility of the cloning/colligation extensions and show how these can decrease the computational effort required on problems where high local resolution is required. Enhancement of the tools and even broader applicability can be achieved through the inclusion of multiple particle populations and particle–particle interactions.     

天狼星无人机航测技术在河湖划界中的应用

由于河湖覆盖面广、线路长、体量大,同时历史遗留问题较多,采用常规测量手段存在诸多难题。本文结合具体工程案例,通过天狼星无人机航测技术手段,论证了新技术方案的可行性与有效性;阐述了天狼星免像控无人机在河湖划界工作中的优势和高精度航测成果一图多用的重要意义。本文方案对类似工程的开展具有一定的参考借鉴意义。     

基于特征点法向量的点云配准算法

在传统的迭代最近点算法（ICP）中,需要两片点云具有良好的初始位置,否则在配准时容易陷入局部最优。针对该问题,本文提出了一种基于特征点提取与配对的粗配准方法,以调整两片点云重叠部分的初始位置。首先,利用SIFT算法提取两片点云公共部分的特征点;其次,根据特征点法向量之间的欧氏距离将两片点云的特征点两两配对;然后,利用法向量的夹角对特征点对进行提纯;最后,通过单位四元数法,求解出旋转及平移矩阵,完成粗配准。试验表明,本文基于特征点法向量的粗配准方法可为精配准提供良好的初始位置,在一定程度上避免配准时陷入局部最优的现象。     

Input of organic carbon as determinant of nutrient fluxes,light climate and productivity in the Ob and Yenisey estuaries

Spectral light attenuation profiles and concentrations of total and dissolved carbon (C), nutrients and chlorophyll a (Chla) were studied along transects running from the river mouth to the Kara Sea during late summer 2003 for the Yenisey and fall 2005 for the Ob estuaries. Earth Observation data were used to generate composite images of water color and Chla distribution over the estuaries and the Kara Sea to reveal the spatial impact of the river efflux in terms of optical properties.