亚洲国际河流研究进展

1 General situation Entering the 21st century, resource and environmental diplomacy is regarded as a new element for establishing future international patterns of cooperation. Transboundary resources and environmental issues in international river basins …     

2007年以来环太湖22条主要河流水质变化及其对太湖的影响

随着现代经济的迅速发展,太湖流域污染问题日益严重.为了解太湖湖区以及入湖河流的水质变化趋势,分析两者之间的关系,本文选取太湖湖区以及环太湖22条主要入湖河流2007-2014年水质监测资料,按行政区划分析22条主要入湖河流的氨氮、高锰酸盐指数、总磷和总氮浓度变化趋势以及其与太湖水质关系.结果显示,江苏省境内河流2007年以来污染物浓度普遍高于浙江省,但主要入湖河流总体上呈好转趋势,并且河流各指标的浓度变化与太湖的水质变化密切相关,验证了河道污染物输入作为太湖主要的污染物外源,直接影响太湖水质的变化,指出对入湖河流污染物的控制是缓解和治理太湖污染输入的重要途径.     

2016-2018年长江下游安庆江段四大家鱼仔稚鱼资源调查分析

为探究长江安庆江段四大家鱼仔稚鱼资源现状及其丰度变化与水文因子之间的关系,于2016-2018年4-8月对该江段进行早期资源调查.调查期间共采集到四大家鱼仔稚鱼3178尾,其中以鲢（Hypophthalmichthys molitrix）和草鱼（Ctenopharyngodon idellus）为主,分别占家鱼捕捞总数的67.97%和23.03%.估算2016-2018年通过安庆江段的四大家鱼仔稚鱼径流量分别为21.70×10⁸、14.62×10⁸、12.05×10⁸尾,呈现出逐年减少的趋势.家鱼仔稚鱼丰度自4月中旬呈波动性上升趋势,在7月中上旬达到高峰期.Kruskal-Wallis检验表明采样断面空间分布存在显著性差异,平均漂流密度为北岸（16.09 ind./100 m³） > 南岸（5.40 ind./100 m³） > 江心（3.43 ind./100 m³）.GAM模型结果显示,对四大家鱼仔稚鱼丰度影响显著的水文因子为水温、透明度、水位日上涨率和径流量日上涨率,各因子相对重要性依次为水位日上涨率 > 透明度 > 水温 > 径流量日上涨率.其丰度与透明度呈负相关,与水温（24.0～27.3℃）、水位日上涨率和径流量日上涨率均呈正相关关系.本研究中GAM模型累积偏差解释率达到69.8%,较高程度上揭示了水文条件对家鱼仔稚鱼资源丰度的影响,为长江下游四大家鱼的苗汛预测及资源保护策略的制定提供科学依据.     

鄱阳湖通江水道鱼类空间分布特征及资源量评估

于2014年9月24至26日在鄱阳湖通江水道湖口至屏峰段使用SIMRAD EY60回声探测仪对鱼类资源进行水声学调查.结果显示,鄱阳湖通江水道鱼类目标强度平均值为-56.4±6.4 d B,范围为-69.9~-32.1 d B;估算的平均全长为7.6 cm,范围为1.2~98.0 cm;鱼类资源的平均密度为53.7 ind./1000 m3,范围为0~441.7 ind./1000 m3.在水平分布上,鱼类主要分布在湖口县、鞋山和屏峰附近3个水域.区域Ⅰ和区域Ⅲ的鱼类密度显著高于区域Ⅱ的鱼类密度;区域Ⅲ的鱼类个体大小显著小于区域Ⅰ和区域Ⅱ.在垂直分布上,多数鱼类栖息于主河槽的深水区,且大个体更倾向于深水区.在此基础上,利用Arc GIS地统计插值方法估算鄱阳湖通江水道湖口至屏峰山水域鱼类总数量约为6.2×107ind.,总生物量约620 t.结果表明,鄱阳湖通江水道是鱼类重要的栖息地,建议加强该水域的保护,保持鄱阳湖与长江的自然连通.     

Dissolved and total organic and inorganic carbon in some British rivers

Rivers transport both organic and inorganic carbon from their sources to the sea. Results of ~800 organic and inorganic analyses from various British rivers of contrasting size and land use are presented here: (1) the headwater River Tern, a rural river of 852 km² catchment; (2) the Ouseburn, a small urban 55 km² catchment; (3) the River Tyne, a larger river system of ~3000 km² catchment; (4) a spatial survey from 205 sample sites on ~60 rivers from SW England. We found that, with the exception of peat-rich headwaters, DIC concentration is always greater than DOC. DIC is primarily in the form HCO₃ ⁻ , with DIC concentrations highest in highly urbanised catchments, typically greater than those observed in catchments with carbonate bedrock, demonstrating a significant and previously unrecognised anthropogenic inorganic carbon input to urban rivers.     

中国“四化”协调发展的区域格局及其影响因素

工业化、城镇化、信息化与农业现代化（简称“四化”） 是促进城乡统筹和区域发展的现实需要与战略导向。本文着力构建综合评价指标体系以揭示我国地级区域四化协调发展的空间格局,借助空间计量经济模型探讨四化协调发展的影响因素,结合相关分析探讨四化协调指数与区域发展主要指标的关联关系,建立识别方法开展基于四化发展状态的问题区域识别研究。结果表明：四化各自发展水平、综合指数、耦合度、协调度均存在明显的空间差异;四化协调发展水平越高,区域经济发展水平和农村发展水平越高,而城乡居民的收入差距和消费差距越低;社会经济、交通区位及自然地理类要素对四化协调状况有不同程度的影响,尤以农业和农村的社会投资、财政投入及金融支持,以及大中型企业发展、道路基础设施建设、居民消费等因素对四化协调发展的影响更为稳健而积极;识别出四化发展存在若干问题的7 类计145 个地市,主要分布在中部传统农区、西南山地丘陵区和青藏高原区。在城乡转型发展新时期,推进四化协调发展既需要共性制度创新,还需要针对问题区域及其区域问题研制区域政策,有必要继续加大对农业农村的社会投资、财政投入与金融扶持力度,积极扩大内需,优化外向型经济发展战略,提升城镇投资和教育投资的效率。     

中国北方地区沙漠与河流景观格局

本文运用景观生态学原理,借助ArcGIS技术,选择中国北方10个流域及其12个沙漠/沙地,并以西部的和田河和东部的西辽河为典型研究区,在流域与沙区、河道与沙丘两个尺度上,选取景观破碎度指数、景观多样性指数等指标,探讨中国北方干旱、半干旱区沙漠/沙地景观与廊道景观(河流)的空间镶嵌格局特征。结果表明：在流域与沙区尺度上,内流区较外流区沙区景观类型复杂,景观破碎度较小,外流区沙区景观结构较为相似;内流区沙区景观指数自西向东呈现出“景观破碎度递增、景观结构复杂性递减”的规律。在河道与沙丘尺度上,在缓冲带范围内,和田河较西辽河沙丘景观类型复杂,景观破碎度较小;景观指数随河道距离的变化呈现出“景观破碎度随距河道距离的加大而逐渐递减,丰富度指数随距河道距离的加大而呈阶梯状递增”的规律;从沙丘斑块类型景观指数上看,西辽河以固定、半固定的简单型沙丘为主,和田河以流动的综合型沙丘为主。主导的沙丘类型景观距离河道越远,面积比例越小,不同沙丘类型的水平景观破碎度随河道距离递减。     

Modeling the effects of pulsed versus chronic sand inputs on salmonid spawning habitat in a low‐gradient gravel‐bed river

It is widely recognized that high supplies of fine sediment, largely sand, can negatively impact the aquatic habitat quality of gravel‐bed rivers, but effects of the style of input (chronic vs. pulsed) have not been examined quantitatively. We hypothesize that a continuous (i.e. chronic) supply of sand will be more detrimental to the quality of aquatic habitat than an instantaneous sand pulse equal to the integrated volume of the chronic supply. We investigate this issue by applying a two‐dimensional numerical model to a 1 km long reach of prime salmonid spawning habitat in central Idaho. Results show that in both supply scenarios, sand moves through the study reach as bed load, and that both the movement and depth of sand on the streambed mirrors the hydrograph of this snowmelt‐dominated river. Predictions indicate greater and more persistent mortality of salmonid embryos under chronic supplies than pulse inputs, supporting our hypothesis. However, predicted mortality varies both with salmonid species and location of spawning. We found that the greatest impacts occur closer to the location of the sand input under both supply scenarios. Results also suggest that reach‐scale morphology may modulate the impact of sand loads, and that under conditions of high sand loading climate‐related increases in flow magnitude could increase embryo mortality through sand deposition, rather than streambed scour. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The role of vegetation in the retention of fine sediment and associated metal contaminants in London's rivers

Many urban rivers receive significant inputs of metal‐contaminated sediments from their catchments. Restoration of urban rivers often creates increased slack water areas and in‐channel vegetation growth where these metal‐contaminated sediments may accumulate. Quantifying the accumulation and retention of these sediments by in‐channel vegetation in urban rivers is of importance in terms of the planning and management of urban river restoration schemes and compliance with the Water Framework Directive. This paper investigates sediment properties at four sites across three rivers within Greater London to assess the degree to which contaminated sediments are being retained. Within paired restored and unrestored reaches at each site, four different bed sediment patch types (exposed unvegetated gravel, sand, and silt/clay (termed ‘fine’) sediments, and in‐channel vegetated sediments) were sampled and analysed for a range of metals and sediment characteristics. Many samples were found to exceed Environment Agency guidelines for copper (Cu), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) and Dutch Intervention Values for Cu and Zn. At all sites, sediments accumulating around in‐channel vegetation were similar in calibre and composition to exposed unvegetated fine sediments. Both bed sediment types contained high concentrations of pseudo‐total and acetic acid extractable metal concentrations, potentially due to elevated organic matter and silt/clay content, as these are important sorbtion phases for metals. This implies that the changed sediment supply and hydraulic conditions associated with river restoration may lead to enhanced retention of contaminated fine sediments, particularly around emergent plants, frequently leading to the development of submerged and emergent landforms and potential river channel adjustments. High pseudo‐total metal concentrations were also found in gravel bed sediments, probably associated with iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) oxyhydroxides and discrete anthropogenic metal‐rich particles. These results highlight the importance of understanding the potential effects of urban river restoration upon sediment availability and channel hydraulics and consequent impacts upon sediment contaminant dynamics and storage. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

理论译著译注的标示功能与文本可读性——以Terry Eagleton著Literary Theory的汉译为例

通过对Terry Eagleton著Literary Theory的3个汉译本译注情况进行梳理,总结出理论著作翻译中译注的标示作用及其对文本可读性的影响,最后归纳出做译注应遵循必要性、对称性、说明性、正确性等四大原则。