考虑土拱效应的疏排桩支护基坑内力和变形分析

采用同济大学中型岩土离心机进行了2组疏排桩支护基坑的离心机模型试验,结合三维有限元数值分析探讨了采用规范方法计算疏排桩支护基坑桩身内力与变形的适宜性,并提出了考虑土拱效应的疏排桩支护基坑桩侧土压力的理论计算方法,最后建立了考虑土拱效应的疏排桩支护基坑桩身内力和变形的计算模型。研究结果表明：对于桩间距与桩径之比为2、3和8的疏排桩支护基坑,桩间土体无法形成土拱效应;对于桩间距与桩径之比为4～7的疏排桩支护基坑,桩间土拱效应明显;规范法计算得到桩身内力与变形结果要比离心机试验结果偏大,与规范方法相比,采用文中提出的计算方法计算疏排桩支护基坑桩身内力与变形更为合理。     

Settlement analysis of rectangular piles in nonhomogeneous soil using a Winkler model approach

An analytical approach using a Winkler model is investigated to provide analytical solutions of settlement of a rectangular pile subjected to vertical loads in nonhomogeneous soils. For a vertically loaded pile with a rectangular cross section, the settlement influence factor of a normal pile in nonhomogeneous soils is derived from Mindlin's solution for elastic continuum analysis. For short piles with rectangular and circular cross sections, the modified forms of settlement influence factors of normal piles are produced taking into account the load transfer parameter proposed by Randolph for short circular piles. The modulus of subgrade reaction along a rectangular pile in nonhomogeneous soils is expressed by using the settlement influence factor related to Mindlin's solution to combine the elastic continuum approach with the subgrade‐reaction approach. The relationship between settlement and vertical load for a rectangular pile in nonhomogeneous soils is available in the form of the recurrence equation. The formulation of settlement of soils surrounding a rectangular pile subjected to vertical loads in nonhomogeneous soils is proposed by taking into account Mindlin's solution and both the equivalent thickness and the equivalent elastic modulus for layers in the equivalent elastic method. The difference of settlement between square and circular piles is insignificant, and the settlement of a rectangular pile decreases as the aspect ratio of the rectangular pile cross section increases. The comparison of results calculated by the present method for a rectangular pile in nonhomogeneous soils has shown good agreement with those obtained from the analytical methods and the finite element method. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

长白山区暗棕壤成土作用地球化学特征

以代表性暗棕壤垂直剖面土壤地球化学数据为依据,研究了长白山区特定的森林景观条件下成土过程中元素的分异与富集特征。研究结果表明,在岩石风化过程中主要以CaO、Na2O、Sr淋溶为主,有机酸淋溶过程中SiO2、Al2O3、K2O部分被淋溶,部分游离铁下渗到土体中下部氧化成铁锰胶膜;微量元素在风化过程中被次生黏土矿物吸附,不同程度地富集,在腐殖质积累过程中Cd、Zn、Pb、Mo、Hg、Co、Mn、Cr等亲生物元素进一步富集于表层土壤,Ce、Ni、Sb、Ti、V、Y、Zr在表生环境中地球化学性质稳定,残留富集于土壤表层。母质层继承和保留了基岩元素地球化学分布的基本特征。     

压实黏质砂土脱湿过程影响机制的核磁共振分析

通过对具有不同初始含水率和干密度的两种压实黏质砂土的脱湿曲线进行测试、分析和对比,并结合核磁共振技术,探讨了干密度、初始含水率和土样组分对压实黏质砂土脱湿过程的影响规律。利用核磁共振测得了试样在各级吸力下的T2时间（横向弛豫时间）分布曲线,定性地探讨了不同吸力下试样中的水分分布特征,揭示了干密度、初始含水率和土样组分对试样脱湿过程的微观机制影响。试验结果表明：干密度仅在低基质吸力条件下对试样脱湿过程产生重要影响,而在高吸力条件下初始含水率和试样组分起主导作用;核磁共振结果证实在压实黏质砂土中,小孔隙结构主要由初始含水率和试样组分控制,而大孔隙的结构主要取决于干密度;试样组分对压实土的内部结构和孔隙大小分布的影响比初始含水率大。     

冻土力学发展的新领域——深土冻土力学

Based on the practice of artificial freezing engineering in deep alluvium and simulation tests, it is found that there exists an obvious difference between frozen soil mechanics for shallow alluvium and for deep alluvium. The concept of frozen soil mechanics for deep alluvium, its research topics and methods are presented in this paper.     

沉箱加桩复合基础地震响应离心试验

针对沉箱加桩复合基础地震响应问题开展动力离心试验研究。采用砂质粉土作为地基土,上部结构简化为质点和柱体,基础类型包括单桩、沉箱、沉箱加桩复合基础,利用层状剪切模型箱消除边界反射,以上海人工中波为输入波,在50 g离心加速度场下进行水平地震试验。根据基础形式的不同进行3组试验,试验结果表明：对于刚度较小的土,地震波向上传播过程中具有加速度衰减的特征;沉箱底部加桩对于降低基础和结构地震响应有积极的效果,有利于增强其抗震能力;地表、基础、结构的地震响应频率特性各不相同,这取决于其各自不同的自振特性;土与基础、基础与结构之间均会发生地震相互作用,但只有与相互作用对象自振频率均较接近的地震频域分量才能引起明显的相互作用。     

结构性软土的损伤及其对地基沉降的影响

通过室内试验,研究了软粘土的结构性及其在受力过程中的损伤特性,并讨论结构损伤对地基瞬时沉降和固结沉降的影响。计算结果表明,常规方法低估地基的瞬时沉降,夸大地基的固结沉降。     

Generating soil thickness maps by means of geomorphological-empirical approach and random forest algorithm in Wanzhou County,Three Gorges Reservoir

Soil thickness, intended as depth to bedrock, is a key input parameter for many environmental models. Nevertheless, it is often difficult to obtain a reliable spatially exhaustive soil thickness map in wide-area applications, and existing prediction models have been extensively applied only to test sites with shallow soil depths. This study addresses this limitation by showing the results of an application to a section of Wanzhou County (Three Gorges Reservoir Area, China), where soil thickness varies from 0 to ～40 m. Two different approaches were used to derive soil thickness maps: a modified version of the geomorphologically indexed soil thickness (GIST) model, purposely customized to better account for the peculiar setting of the test site, and a regression performed with a machine learning algorithm, i.e., the random forest, combined with the geomorphological parameters of GIST (GIST-RF). Additionally, the errors of the two models were quantified, and validation with geophysical data was carried out. The results showed that the GIST model could not fully contend with the high spatial variability of soil thickness in the study area: the mean absolute error was 10.68 m with the root-mean-square error (RMSE) of 12.61 m, and the frequency distribution residuals showed a tendency toward underestimation. In contrast, GIST-RF returned a better performance with the mean absolute error of 3.52 m and RMSE of 4.56 m. The derived soil thickness map could be considered a critical fundamental input parameter for further analyses.     

基于镉污染风险的湖南省龙山县百合种植区安全区划

湖南省龙山县作为我国重要的百合生产基地县之一,其土壤却存在一定程度的镉（Cd）污染风险。同时,百合作为一种食药同源的植物,其食用和药用的质量安全标准不一致。因此,在龙山县提出百合种植区安全区划具有重要意义。笔者等在龙山县耕地采集326件表层土壤样品和70件百合样品（配套根系土样）,在分析土壤及百合中Cd的含量和土壤中氧化物、有机质、pH等指标的基础上,探讨Cd生物有效性的影响因素,并据此建立百合Cd生物富集系数预测模型,结合土地质量地球化学调查数据预测耕地的百合Cd含量,给出百合种植区安全区划及建议。结果表明,研究区土壤存在Cd污染风险,百合具有质量安全问题。研究区Cd的生物有效性受到土壤CaO、S、P、K2O含量和土壤pH的共同影响。与多元线性回归模型相比,随机森林模型能够更好地预测百合Cd生物富集系数。百合种植区安全区划显示,研究区食用百合优先种植区、药用百合优先种植区、药用百合次级种植区、结构调整种植区面积占比分别为1. 49%、92. 71%、2. 88%、2. 92%,建议大力开发药用百合农产品。该研究成果将Cd污染风险耕地的安全利用与食药同源农产品的质量安全有效衔接,完善了受污染耕地安全利用的工作方法,为推动龙山县百合产业发展提供了科学依据。     

模拟厌氧水稻土中氮、砷变化及迁移研究

矿渣和酸性矿山废水的排放会使矿区周围的农田受到污染。为研究厌氧条件下矿区农田中氮和砷之间的联系,本文通过摇瓶实验探究了含砷水铁矿在厌氧含氮农田中释放的砷形态的变化,通过柱实验探究了水稻生长对氮、砷形态和浓度的影响。研究结果发现,在厌氧条件下,外源氮的加入促进了砷污染水稻土中As(Ⅴ)的还原,使生成的As(Ⅲ)浓度最高达396μg/L;在柱实验模拟的厌氧农田不同层位中,水稻的生长过程促进了氮和砷的还原以及砷向下层位的迁移,使装置中的As(Ⅲ)浓度最高达517μg/L;摇瓶实验和柱实验在相近的厌氧条件下,NO^-₃的存在能够直接参与As(Ⅴ)还原。研究结果为农田砷污染的治理提供了一定的参考价值。