云南先峰中新世木乃伊化木化石α-纤维素的提取

本文对云南先锋中新世木乃伊化木化石进行α-纤维素实验提取,以验证化石纤维素的可得性。实验利用有机溶剂分离、碱液分离、无机酸分离等方法分别对研究区5件木乃伊化化石样品进行处理,并采用红外光谱检测方法与现代木材α-纤维素和国际标准α-纤维素进行对比试验。实验结果显示,3种提取方法均可以从化石木材中提取出α-纤维素,但过程特征各有不同。其中,有机溶剂分离实验过程耗时最长,碱液分离方法样品损失最大。相比之下,无机酸分离方法对于木乃伊化木化石α-纤维素提取的效率最高。     

东濮凹陷沙三段正常三角洲沉积中遗迹化石及意义

通过对钻井岩心的观察和遗迹化石的鉴定,在东濮凹陷古近纪沙河街组沙三段发现遗迹化石10属15种,包括:Skolithos vertivalis,Skolithos linearis,Skolithos isp.,Palaeophycus tubularis,Palaeophycus isp.,Planolites montanus,Planolites beverlegensis,Planolites isp.,Mermoides isp.,Taenidium isp.,Teichichnus isp.,Helminthoidichnites tenuis,Helminthopsis isp.,Beaconites isp.和Thalassinoides isp.。根据岩性特征、沉积构造和遗迹化石的组成、分布特征,研究区沙三段主要发育正常三角洲前缘亚相、前三角洲亚相,并划分了反映不同沉积环境和水体深度的2种遗迹组合,分别为Palaeophycus-Planolites遗迹组合和Planolites-Helminthoidichnites遗迹组合。     

Mid-Wisconsin seasonal temperatures reconstructed from fossil beetle assemblages in eastern North America: comparisons with other proxy records from the Northern Hemisphere

Mutual climatic range (MCR) analysis was applied to 15 North American beetle assemblages spanning the interval from > 52 000 to 17 200 yr BP, bracketing a Mid-Wisconsin interstadial interval. The analyses yielded estimates of mean July (TMAX) and mean January (TMIN) temperatures. The oldest assemblage (> 52 ka) yielded TMAX values 7.5–8°C lower than present and TMIN values 15–18°C lower than present. A Mid-Wisconsin interstadial warming dating from 43.5–39 ka was rapid and intense. At the peak of the warming event, about 42 ka, TMAX values were only 1–2°C lower than modern. This level of amelioration apparently lasted only about 2000–3000 yr. By 23.7 ka, TMAX values declined to 11.5–10°C lower than modern, but another, small-scale amelioration is indicated by assemblages dating from 20.5 to 19.7 ka. The interstadial event recorded from the site at Titusville, Pennsylvania closely matches the timing and intensity of the climate change estimated from British beetle faunas in the Upton Warren interstadial. Another warm interval (ca. 31–32.5 ka) has been documented from fossil beetle assemblages in Europe and North America. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

河南西峡晚白垩世恐龙蛋化石壳超高异常Sr的发现及其意义

利用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪(ICP-AES),对采自河南西峡晚白垩世的十三枚恐龙蛋化石壳及蛋内充填物和部分围岩进行了测试。发现Sr元素具有明显的超高异常。恐龙蛋化石壳中的Sr的含量分布在1962×10-6～11010×10-6之间,平均5532×10-6,比古代和现代富Sr的腕足类外壳高一到数倍,比地壳丰度值高一个数量级还多。这种超高异常可能与恐龙蛋壳中含有一定数量的文石有关。而由于文石稳定性较差,在石化过程中会逐渐向低镁方解石转化,所以现在已无法再见到蛋壳中的文石,但Sr却保留了下来。反映了中生代时陆生爬行动物的蛋壳与海相生物硬壳一样具有文石和方解石共存的局面。     

Paleoenvironmental and Human Behavioral Implications of the Boegoeberg 1 Late Pleistocene Hyena Den, Northern Cape Province, South Africa

Boegoeberg 1 (BOG1) is located on the Atlantic coast of South Africa, 850 km north of Cape Town. The site is a shallow rock shelter in the side of a sand-choked gully that was emptied by diamond miners. Abundant coprolites, chewed bones, and partially digested bones implicate hyenas as the bone accumulators. The location of the site, quantity of bones, and composition of the fauna imply it was a brown hyena nursery den. The abundance of Cape fur seal bones shows that the hyenas had ready access to the coast. Radiocarbon dates place the site before 37,000 ¹⁴C yr ago, while the large average size of the black-backed jackals and the presence of extralimital ungulates imply cool, moist conditions, probably during the early part of the last glaciation (isotope stage 4 or stage 3 before 37,000 ¹⁴C yr ago) or perhaps during one of the cooler phases (isotope substages 5d or 5b) within the last interglaciation. Comparisons of the BOG1 seal bones to those from regional Middle Stone Age (MSA) and Later Stone Age (LSA) archeological sites suggest (1) that hyena and human seal accumulations can be distinguished by a tendency for vertebrae to be much more common in a hyena accumulation and (2) that hyena and LSA accumulations can be distinguished by a tendency for hyena-accumulated seals to represent a much wider range of individual seal ages. Differences in the way hyenas and people dismember, transport, and consume seal carcasses probably explain the contrast in skeletal part representation, while differences in season of occupation explain the contrast in seal age representation. Like modern brown hyenas, the BOG1 hyenas probably occupied the coast year-round, while the LSA people focused their coastal visits on the August–October interval when nine-to-eleven-month-old seals were abundant. The MSA sample from Klasies River Mouth Cave 1 resembles BOG1 in seal age composition, suggesting that unlike LSA people, MSA people obtained seals more or less throughout the year.     

吐哈盆地北缘中侏罗世植物化石稳定碳同位素的古环境意义

新疆吐哈盆地北缘三道岭煤田中侏罗统西山窑组的植物化石属于Coniopteris-Phoenicopsis植物群的典型组合。从该植物群中挑选出优势属种,分别为似银杏、拟刺葵、枝脉蕨以及斯堪尼狭轴穗,对其进行稳定碳同位素分析。前3种为叶片化石,它们的δ13C值分布在-21.66‰~-23.83‰,属于典型的C3植物。最后一种为繁殖器官化石,其δ13C值为-20.91‰,比叶片的值高。将δ13C值根据公式转换为大气CO₂的δ13C_a值,发现基于银杏类叶片获得的现代和中侏罗世的δ13C_a值与其他方法获得的值相似。这说明银杏类叶片是重建地质历史时期δ13C_a的一类可靠植物,为今后研究中生代-新生代δ13C_a变化提供了一个简便而可行的方法。C_i/C_a比值是一重要的植物生理生态特征值,因此进一步将银杏类化石叶片的δ13C值换算成C_i/C_a。化石似银杏的C_i/C_a值为0.6,而现生银杏的C_i/C_a为0.63,二者相似。虽然三道岭地区中侏罗世的CO₂浓度约为现在的4.5倍,但是化石和现生银杏类植物的C_i/C_a值仍然保持恒定,表明银杏植物的气孔参数对CO₂变化比较敏感,是重建古CO₂浓度的良好指示植物。这也为判断一种植物能否用来重建古CO₂浓度提供了一种简便而有效的检测方法。     

The challenge of dating early pleistocene fossil teeth by the combined uranium series–electron spin resonance method: the Venta Micena palaeontological site (Orce,Spain)

The palaeontological site of Venta Micena (Orce, Andalusia, Spain) lies in the eastern sector of the Guadix–Baza basin, one of the best documented areas in Europe for Plio‐Pleistocene biostratigraphy. The combination of biochronological and palaeomagnetic results, combined with the radiometric data obtained for Atapuerca Sima del Elefante, indicated that the Venta Micena stratum was formed between the Jaramillo and Olduvai palaeomagnetic events, most likely between 1.22 and 1.77 Ma. Five fossil teeth from two outcrops (sites A and B) were selected to assess the potential of combined uranium series–electron spin resonance (US‐ESR) dating of Early Pleistocene sites. Although the US‐ESR results of the first outcrop showed a large scatter between the three teeth, the mean age of 1.37 ± 0.24 Ma can be considered a reasonable age estimate for Venta Micena. The mean ESR age of 0.62 ± 0.03 Ma obtained for site B seems to be a severe underestimation when compared with the independent age control. This underestimation is attributed to a relative recent U‐mobilization event that led to some U‐leaching. The results show that any ESR age calculations of old samples are extremely sensitive to variations in the measured ²³⁰Th/²³⁴U ratios in dental tissues. Although the results demonstrate that ESR can in principle be applied to Early Pleistocene sites, they also reveal the complexity of dating such old teeth. It is necessary to continue research in several directions, such as study of the behaviour of ESR signals in old teeth and understanding recent U‐mobilization processes, to improve the reliability of the combined US‐ESR dating method applied to Early Pleistocene times, a period for which the number of available numerical dating techniques is very limited. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

西藏改则地区班公湖-怒江结合带内上三叠统的发现及其地质意义

三叠系在班公湖-怒江结合带两侧仅有少量露头。早三叠世是怒江洋盆初始演化的开始,由于晚二叠世-早三叠世大规模的海退持续和地壳的抬升,地层遭受剥蚀,整个班公湖-怒江结合带内缺乏完整的三叠系地层系统,对怒江洋的演化缺乏完整的物质记录。此次有古生物化石依据的上三叠统的发现,为探讨洋盆的演化提供了较好的依据,也为区域地层对比、地层格架建立、古环境分析等提供了基础资料。     

仿生高效切削齿试验研究

在仿生高效耐磨理论的指导下,以鼹鼠爪趾为仿生原型,引入了其经长期进化而具有的高效、耐磨的特性。选用CVD多晶金刚石为切削齿的切削单元,采用真空热压烧结工艺制备仿生高效切削齿,并将其与常规PDC齿、仿生PDC齿的耐磨性和切削效率进行对比试验,结果显示：仿生高效切削齿的耐磨性较常规PDC齿提高23%;切削效率较常规PDC齿提高1.49倍,较仿生PDC齿提高48%。初步证明了仿生高效切削齿工艺的可行性,为下一步高效切削钻头的研究奠定了坚实的基础。