如何利用化石植物定量研究古海拔？

古海拔问题是当前古植物学与古环境研究领域中的难点之一,属于化石植物生物学与地球科学和环境科学相互交叉、相互渗透的前沿性研究。定量研究古海拔的变化对阐述诸如青藏高原抬升历史等重大科学问题具有十分重要的意义。应用生物学的思想和方法,利用化石植物研究地质历史时期古海拔的变化是当前研究的一个热点。化石植物既是研究地质历史时期植被演替的直接证据,又是研究古海拔变化的珍贵材料。本文简述了利用化石植物定量研究古海拔的3类主要方法,即最近亲缘种分析、共存因子分析和叶相分析的基本原理和实际应用,侧重分析中国地区（如西藏南部南木林盆地）古海拔的研究进展和存在问题,并结合近年来的研究实践展望了将来的工作。     

New Jurassic Fossil True Bugs of the Pachymeridiidae(Hemiptera:Pentatomomorpha)from Northeast China

Four new fossil genera and species of true bugs from the family Pachymeridiidae, Beipiaocoris multifurcus, Bellicoris mirabilis, Nitoculus regiUus, and Viriosinervis stolidus, are described. New specimens were collected from the Middle and Upper Jurassic non-marine sedimentary strata from the Jiulongshan and Yixian Formations of northeast China. The species Karatavocoris asiatica Becker-Migdisova, 1963, which was considered to be a member of the family Coreidae is transferred to the Pachymeridiidae. A new map of all known and newly discovered fossil pachymeridiid localities is given. The diagnosis of the family is modified.     

Late-glacial and early Holocene lake sediments,ground-water formation and climate in the Atacama Altiplano 22–24°S

Precipitation rates in the Atacama Altiplano 22–24°S were 400–500 mm yr^–1 during late glacial and early Holocene times as opposed to 200 mm yr^–1 today. This humid phase (Tauca phase) was likely due to strengthened tropical (monsoonal) circulation, which brought continental moisture to the Atacama Altiplano. The lake level of Laguna Lejía (23°30S, 4350 m) at that time was up to 25 m higher than it is today. Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca data from lake sediments show that, what today is a highly saline lake was a freshwater lake at that time. Seasonally-laminated calcareous sediments were deposited between 13 500 and <10 400 yr B.P. indicating the maximum of the humid phase. Climatic changes in the past are important for current groundwater resources.¹⁴C and³H data from lake-, ground- and well water suggest that modern groundwater formation (i.e. water <40 years) in the Altiplano is very limited under current arid conditions. We conclude that significant amounts of the water resources in this area originated during the time of the late-glacial and early Holocene humid climate. Tritium data from snow samples show that the moisture in the Altiplano at 22–24°S is mainly of continental origin, whereas precipitation from the westerlies hardly contributes to the water supply in this area. This precipitation pattern matches the paleodata, and we suggest that current precipitation formation may provide an analogue framework for late-glacial circulation in this area.This is the 3rd in a series of papers published in this special AMQUA issue. These papers were presented at the 1994 meeting of the American Quaternary Association held 19–22 June, 1994, at the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA. Dr Linda C. K. Shane served as guest editor for these papers.     

西藏仲巴中－晚三叠世放射虫化石特征及其地质意义

在1∶25万霍尔巴幅区域地质调查中,在雅鲁藏布江结合带穷果群上部及修康群中发现了较多的硅质板岩,其内含有较丰富的放射虫化石,共有48属35种,可识别为Cenosphaera-Phormocyrtis,Capnuchosphaera-Angulobracchia和Parahsuum-Citriduma 3个组合,时代为中—晚三叠世。厘定修康群的形成时代为晚三叠世,穷果群的形成时代为中三叠世。这一发现为确定蛇绿岩的时代提供了重要的古生物依据,表明该区蛇绿岩的形成时代应早于中三叠世。结合区域地质特征,修康群应形成于大陆斜坡-深海沉积环境,位于南带特提斯洋盆区的边部地带。     

Age determination of marine sediments in the western North Pacific by as partic acid chronology

The ages of fossil planktonic foraminifera,Pulleniatina obliquiloculata, in sediments (core 3bPC) from the western North Pacific were determined by aspartic acid chronology, which uses the racemization reaction rate constant of aspartic acid (k_Asp). Aspartic acid racemization-based ages (Asp ages) ranged from 7,600 yrBP at the surface, to 307,000 yrBP at a depth of 352.9 cm in the sediments. This sediment core was also dated by the glacial-interglacial fluctuation of δ¹⁸O chronology, and the ages determined by both chronologies were compared. The ages derived from aspartic acid chronology and δ¹⁸O stratigraphy were more or less consistent, but there appeared to be some differences in age estimates between these two dating methods at some depths within the core. In the core top sediments, the likely cause for the age discrepancy could be the loss of the surface sediment during sampling of the core. At depths of 66.3 and 139 cm within the core, Asp ages indicated reduced sedimentation rates duringca. 60,000-80,000 yrBP andca. 140,000–190,000 yrBP. The maximum age differences in both chronologies are 33,000 yr and 46,600 yr during each of these periods. These anomalous reductions in sedimentation rates occurring during these periods could possibly be related to some geological events, such as an increased dissolution effect of the calcium carbonate in the western North Pacific. Another possible reason for these age differences could be the unreliability in δ¹⁸O ages of core 3bPC as they were estimated by δ¹⁸O ages of another core, 3aPC.     

胶东—苏北古碰撞带三相变质作用

本文报道了胶东—苏北古碰撞带附近存在的高温低压变质的麻粒岩相、高温高压变质的A—B类榴辉岩相和高压低温变质的C类榴辉岩相三种变质相系,以及与高温低压麻粒岩相有关的Ⅰ型花岗岩带,它们在空间上相协调,在时间上相一致。其经历了早元古代早期的华南—华北陆块碰撞事件、早元古代角闪岩相变质事件和早元古代末期大陆推覆构造事件,使得高温低压麻粒岩相岩石发生退变质作用,低温高压C类榴辉岩相岩石发生进变质作用,蓝闪石片岩消失,并导致高温高压的A—B类榴辉岩相和高压低温的C类榴辉岩相在空间上相叠置。     

几种鲈形目鱼类口腔齿的比较研究

对中国海洋大学鱼类标本室保存的部分鲈形目鱼类——鲷科 Sparidae,大眼鲷科 Priacan-thidae,科 Serranidae的几种鱼类的口腔齿进行了研究。结果显示 :科与大眼鲷科的前颌骨、齿骨、犁骨、腭骨、咽骨上都着生有形态较单一的口腔齿 ,但较小 ,不是很坚固 ;而鲷科的几种鱼类口腔齿都着生在前颌骨、齿骨、咽骨上 ,且较强硬 ,形态较多样 ,特别发达。本研究为 3种鱼类的进化关系提供了某些佐证。     

南极乔治王岛早第三纪古气候

根据植物化石证据,在早第三纪早、中期,南极乔治王岛地区曾出现过温暖、潮湿的气候,作者认为,当时南半球各板块的相对位置以及由此而引起的洋流的变化,很可能是造成这种温暖气候的主要原因。     

陕西古人类化石资源及其科学价值

自20世纪60年代发现蓝田直立人化石以来,陕西已经发现了8处更新世古人类化石地点,成为中国人类化石资源分布密集区之一。陕西古人类化石涵盖了直立人、早期智人至晚期智人的人类演化阶段,基本形成了一个较为连续的人类演化序列。在蓝田公王岭、蓝田陈家窝子、洛南龙牙洞发现的古人类化石属于直立人,在大荔甜水沟发现的古人类化石属于早期智人,在志丹、黄龙、长武、南郑发现的古人类化石属于晚期智人。陕西丰富的古人类化石对于研究直立人在欧亚大陆早期人类扩散和迁徙过程、早期现代人多地区起源、中国古人类演化的关键阶段等一系列关键学术问题具有非常重要的科学价值。     

河北围场地区发现早白垩世七鳃鳗化石

七鳃鳗是一种古老而原始的特殊无颌类脊椎动物。因其仅发育脊索上的小软骨片及口腔内的角质齿,一般很难保存为化石。国内外现存的七鳃鳗化石记录很少,例如南非晚泥盆世的Priscomyzon riniensis、北美石炭纪的Mayomyzon pieckoensis和Hardistiella montanensis,还有我国内蒙古下白垩统义县组的Mesomyzon mengae。近几年,在河北承德围场地区早白垩世地层中发现了丰富的鱼类化石,其中就有七鳃鳗化石,表明围场地区是继内蒙古宁城之后我国第二个重要的早白垩世七鳃鳗化石产地。研究了产自围场地区早白垩世九佛堂组的3件七鳃鳗化石标本（MHGU4270、MHGU4271、MHGU4272）,化石保存基本完整,可见吸盘、眼、鳃囊、肌节、背鳍、后背鳍、尾鳍等构造。成年期个体（MHGU4270、MHGU4271）体长为24～27 cm,体高为1.9～2.0 cm;非成年期个体（MHGU4272）体长约为17.0 cm,体高约为1.2 cm,明显大于内蒙古宁城地区发现的孟氏中生鳗。根据形态结构特征,认为这3件七鳃鳗化石应为一个新的属种,将其命名为围场河北鳗（Hebeimyzon weichangensis gen. et sp. nov.）。围场中生鳗（新属、新种）的发现不仅为我国早白垩世七鳃鳗化石的研究增添了新材料,扩大了研究的区域范围,而且对进一步深化研究早白垩世七鳃鳗的演化历史、生活习性、生态环境和古地理分布具有重要科学价值。