中俄原油管道漠大线运营后面临一些冻害问题及防治措施建议

基于世界上几条多年冻土区修建输油气管道的经验,结合我国境内的中俄原油管道漠河－大庆段（漠大线）现场调查、油温监测和探地雷达等勘察结果,研究漠大线运营后可能面临的主要冻害问题、形成过程、影响因素、成灾机制、管道影响,提出预防和防治措施建议及进一步需要研究的主要问题。研究发现,目前漠大线面临的主要冻害问题包括融沉、冻胀丘、冰椎、冻土斜坡、冰刨蚀和潜在冻胀等,在管道持续运行和环境条件改变下,这些冻融灾害可能对管道造成一定的不利影响甚至破坏。现场油温监测显示,在2011年和2012年最低和最高油温分别为0.42 ℃和16.2 ℃,全年的正油温运行是造成目前管道周围冻土融沉的主要原因。冬季部分地段出现的冻胀丘、冰椎以及浮冰对管道形成一定的潜在威胁。研究成果为中俄原油管道漠大线以及规划建设的中俄原油管道二线、中俄输气管道、格尔木－拉萨输油管道改造工程以及其他多年冻土区输油气管道设计、施工、运营和维护提供参考和依据。     

准噶尔盆地车排子地区下白垩统沉积体系分布及油气成藏模式

准噶尔盆地车排子地区自排2井区发现春光油田后,未能取得更大的勘探突破,该区存在斜坡带薄层砂体识别困难以及油气成藏主控因素及成藏模式不清等问题。通过高精度层序地层学、地震沉积学和石油地质的综合研究,明确了研究区白垩系的沉积相类型,包括扇三角洲前缘水下分流河道和水下分流河道间微相以及滨浅湖坝砂、滩砂和湖泥微相。有利的储集砂体、阶梯式输导体系和保存封堵条件是车排子地区下白垩统油气藏的主控因素。由于保存条件的不同,工区不同层位、不同位置发育的油气藏,其油品具有显著的差异。进而建立了斜坡带下部、中部和上部3种不同的成藏模式,最终指出斜坡带下部的SQq _1-SQq_2是油气勘探的有利区带和有利层位。研究结果为下一步勘探指明了方向。     

济阳坳陷特低渗透油藏地质多因素综合定量分类评价

在定量表征特低渗透油藏开发效果及地质特征的基础上,探讨特低渗透油藏开发效果主控地质因素。应用灰色关联分析法对济阳坳陷特低渗透油藏开展地质多因素综合定量分类评价,形成了一套以开发效果表征特低渗透油藏综合特征、从单井到区块基于灰色关联分析的特低渗透油藏地质多因素综合定量分类评价方法。研究结果表明,济阳坳陷特低渗透油藏主要为滩坝砂、浊积岩、砂砾岩沉积,具有埋藏深度大、粒度细、分选较好、孔喉微细、单层厚度薄、分布零散、比储量丰度低、流动性差的地质特点。定义累积产油差表征开发效果以反映特低渗透油藏综合特征,其主控地质因素为油层厚度层数比、砂岩厚度层数比、平均粒径、采油段中深、渗透率、孔隙度、比储量丰度。通过地质多因素综合定量分类评价,将济阳坳陷特低渗透油藏分为3类：Ⅰ类综合评价分数大于0.6,累积产油差大于4 500,开发效果最好;Ⅱ类综合评价分数0.4~0.6,累积产油差-2 500到4 500,开发效果中等;Ⅲ类综合评价分数小于0.4,累积产油差小于-2 500,开发效果差。利用不同区块已有开发数据检验,分类评价结果与实际生产情况一致性良好。Ⅰ类、Ⅱ类特低渗透油藏应该作为现阶段特低渗透油藏直井、水平井优先开发的对象。     

特超稠油油藏水平井蒸汽驱油物理模拟实验

以胜利油田A区块特超稠油油藏为目标区块,自主研发了高温高压二维比例物理模型,研究了不同开发阶段水平井蒸汽驱油机理,开展了油藏压力、井底干 度、注汽强度对水平井蒸汽驱的效果影响的研究。物模实验结果显示,蒸汽驱整个过程分为三个阶段：存水回采期、汽驱受效期、蒸汽突破期。存水回采期蒸汽腔向水平方向扩展,以水平驱替方式为主 ;汽驱受效期蒸汽腔向垂向和水平方向扩展,以水平驱替方式为主,纵向泄油为辅;后期蒸汽突破,蒸汽腔继续向上方扩展,以纵向泄油为主,实现油层整体动用。5 MPa时转蒸汽驱的采出程度高于7 MPa时转蒸汽驱的采出程度;蒸汽驱的井底蒸汽干度应不低于0.4,蒸汽干度越高,水平井蒸汽驱的开发效果越好;注汽强度为1.9 t/(d·ha·m)时温度场最为发育。同时,在高压下提高干度可实现水 平井蒸汽驱的有效开发。以上的实验结果较好地指导了胜利油田A区块特超稠油油藏水平井蒸汽驱开发,取得了明显的开发效果,该研究对于类似稠油和超稠油油藏水平井蒸汽驱开发具有重要的指导意义 。     

低渗透油藏CO2驱油开发方式与应用

CO₂驱是一种能大幅度提高原油采收率的三次采油技术,国内该项技术的研究和应用起步较晚,多以先导试验为主。苏北盆地溱潼凹陷经过10余年的探索,已经在5个低渗油田开展了CO₂驱先导试验和推广应用,针对这5个油藏利用一维细管模拟和油藏数值模拟方法开展了注气时机、段塞尺寸和注气部位的研究,并应用典型实例进行了分析,认为先期注入提高混相压力,可更有效地缩短两相区过渡带,增加油相中溶解的CO₂含量,降低油相粘度和油气界面张力,进而提高混相程度,更有利于驱油;采用大尺寸段塞可加大CO₂波及区域,较好地保持地层能量,从而提高油井见效率,增强驱替效果;高部位注气可有效地抑制重力超覆,减少CO₂气体过早地产出和突破的机会。就苏北盆地低渗油藏而言,采用先期注入、大尺寸段塞和高部位注气不失为一种成熟有效的提高采收率方法。     

川东地区震旦系灯影组储层特征及其控制因素

采用宏观和微观相结合的 方法,通过扫描电镜、阴极发光等手段,分析川东地区震旦系灯影组钻井、岩心和露头剖面样品的镜下岩石学特征,研究川东地区震旦系灯影组白云岩储层的特征及控制因素。研究结果表明灯影组白云 岩储层主要发育在灯二段和灯四段,主要储集岩类型为微生物白云岩、颗粒白云岩和距两期风化壳0~200 m范围内的角砾白云岩和溶孔白云岩;储集空间以次生的孔、缝、洞为主,主要为粒间溶孔、粒内 溶孔、次生晶间孔、构造裂缝、溶洞等。沉积环境是影响灯二段储层发育的主要因素,其有利储集相带主要是位于水动力能量较强的或有利于造礁生物繁殖的高能颗粒滩和微生物云坪沉积环境;溶蚀作 用,特别是古岩溶作用是灯四段储层发育的主要因素。早期的桐湾运动形成了灯影组的大规模孔洞,而其后的构造运动则建立了研究区内特别复杂的孔隙－洞穴－裂缝系统。     

致密砂岩气藏可动流体赋存特征的微观地质因素: 以苏里格气田东部盒8段储层为例

以苏里格气田东部盒8段典型的致密砂岩气藏为例,运用核磁共振、恒速压汞、铸体薄片、物性、X-衍射等实验资料,探讨了影响可动流体赋存差异的微观地质 因素。结果表明,盒8段储层可动流体饱和度低,T₂谱分布均为左高峰右低峰的双峰态;黏土矿物的充填与孔隙类型是孔隙结构复杂的重要因素,孔隙结构是影响可动流体赋存特征的关键;面孔率、喉道 半径、孔喉半径比是影响可动流体饱和度的主要因素,有效孔隙体积、分选系数对可动流体饱和度影响明显,储层物性、黏土矿物、有效喉道体积、孔隙半径对可动流体饱和度影响较弱。     

Bottom topography,recent sedimentation and water volume of the Cerro Prieto Dam,NE Mexico

The Cerro Prieto dam, a relatively small water reservoir in NE Mexico, is one of the main resources of potable water for Monterrey, a city with a population of about four million inhabitants. A high resolution seismic study using non-linear parametric sub-bottom echo-sounder SES-2000 was carried out in this water reservoir. High resolution acoustic data interpretation shows that the thickness of recent sediments due to siltation of the reservoir reaches 3.5-4.0 m. It shows a high recent sedimentation rate (1-2 up to 14 cm/ year). Based on the echo-sounder data, the first bathymetric map and a digital model of recent sediment thickness were designed. A significant (5-12%) difference between the volume capacity value used by National Commission of Water (CNA) and acoustic survey results was revealed. Differences between the CNA and acoustic data indicate storage losses from 12-17 up to 30 million cubic meters. The results obtained through study such as this one, could be useful to improve a water resources management.     

Simulated distribution and ecotoxicity-based assessment of chemically-dispersed oil in Tokyo Bay

To assess risks of chemically-dispersed oil to marine organisms, oil concentrations in the water were simulated using a hypothetical spill accident in Tokyo Bay. Simulated oil concentrations were then compared with the short-term no-observed effect concentration (NOEC), 0.01 mg/L, obtained through toxicity tests using marine diatoms, amphipod and fish. Area of oil concentrations higher than the NOEC were compared with respect to use and non-use of dispersant. Results of the simulation show relatively faster dispersion near the mouth of the bay compared to its inner sections which is basically related to its stronger water currents. Interestingly, in the inner bay, a large area of chemically-dispersed oil has concentrations higher than the NOEC. It seems emulsifying oil by dispersant increases oil concentrations, which could lead to higher toxicity to aquatic organisms. When stronger winds occur, however, the difference in toxic areas between use and non-use of dispersant is quite small.     

Assessment of environmental flows under limited data availability: case study of the Acheloos River,Greece

Abstract

The lower course of the Acheloos River is an important hydrosystem in Greece, heavily modified by a cascade of four hydropower dams upstream, which is now being extended by two more dams in the upper course. The design of the dams and hydropower facilities that are in operation has not considered any environmental criteria. However, in the last 50 years, numerous methodologies have been proposed to assess the negative impacts of such projects to both the abiotic and biotic environment, and to provide decision support towards establishing appropriate constraints on their operation, typically in terms of minimum flow requirements. In this study, seeking a more environmentally-friendly operation of the hydrosystem, we investigate the outflow policy from the most downstream dam, examining alternative environmental flow approaches. Accounting for data limitations, we recommend the basic flow method, which is parsimonious and suitable for Mediterranean rivers, whose flows exhibit strong variability across seasons. We also show that the wetted perimeter–discharge method, which is an elementary hydraulic approach, provides consistent results, even without using any flow data. Finally, we examine the adaptation of the proposed flow policy (including artificial flooding) to the real-time hydropower generation schedule, and the management of the resulting conflicts.

Editor Z.W. Kundzewicz; Guest editor M. Acreman

Citation Efstratiadis, A., Tegos, A., Varveris, A., and Koutsoyiannis, D., 2014. Assessment of environmental flows under limited data availability: case study of the Acheloos River, Greece. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 59 (3–4), 731–750.