基于GM(1,1)模型的塔里木盆地南缘孤立绿洲降水灾变预测

我们选取了具有一定代表性的塔里木盆地南缘的孤立绿洲民丰县作为研究区,在对数据有效性的验证之后,利用研究区1980~1999年的降水资料,运用灰色系统理论的季节灾变预测方法,对该地区未来年份的降水量进行预测,并建立灰色季节灾变GM(1,1)预测模型,预测未来旱季到来的年份,为预测未来降水趋势提供了信息。结果表明:该研究区下一个旱灾灾变年大致指向2006年至2007年左右。这对合理利用本地气候资源具有实际意义,并且能够为研究干旱区气候变化提供一定的帮助。     

Hydrothermal alteration processes in the giant Dahutang tungsten deposit,South China: Implications from litho-geochemistry and mass balance calculation

The giant Dahutang tungsten (W) deposit has a total reserve of more than 1.31 Mt WO₃. Veinlet-disseminated scheelite and vein type wolframite mineralization are developed in this deposit, which are related to Late Mesozoic biotite granite. Four major types of alterations, which include albitization, potassic-alteration, and greisenization, and overprinted silicification developed in contact zone. The mass balance calculate of the four alteration types were used to further understanding of the mineralization process. The fresh porphyritic biotite granite has high Nb, Ta, and W, but low Ca and Sr while the Jiuling granodiorite has high Ca and Sr, but low Nb, Ta, and W concentrations. The altered porphyritic biotite granite indicated that the Nb, Ta, and W were leached out from the fresh porphyritic biotite granite, especially by sodic alteration. The low Ca and Sr contents of the altered Neoproterozoic Jiuling granodiorite indicate that Ca and Sr had been leached out from the fresh granodiorite by the fluid from Mesozoic porphyritic biotite granites. The metal W of the Dahutang deposit was mainly derived from the fluid exsolution from the melt and alteration of W-bearing granites. This study of alteration presents a new hydrothermal circulation model to understand tungsten mineralization in the Dahutang deposit.     

基于热红外图像的海面油膜面积的测算方法

针对现有油膜检测技术难以准确测算油膜面积且检测精度受天气条件影响大的问题,本文提出了一种基于热红外图像的海面油膜面积测算方法。采用波段为 8耀14 滋m 的红外热像仪获取海面油膜的热红外图像,对采集的油膜图像进行预处 理 （灰度化、中值滤波和锐化）;基于图像灰度分布特征分割油膜区域 （感兴趣区域,ROI）,采用形态学操作对 ROI 进行填充、腐蚀与膨胀,并对 ROI 进行数学表征;通过像素面积法计算 ROI 实际物理面积。实验结果表明：在不同的外界天气环境下 （如海浪、海风、海雾、不同光照等环境）,该方法对不同黏度的石油样品在海面形成的油膜均有良好的检测精度, ROI 面积计算平均误差为 3.77%。     

基于纵横波保幅分离的粘弹介质弹性波正演模拟

地下介质往往表现为粘弹特性,研究基于粘弹假设的数值模拟方法对于正确认识地震波的传播规律和提高地震勘探精度具有重要意义。波动方程正演过程中纵横波的保幅解耦是研究准确的粘弹介质中地震波传播机理的前提,基于散度和旋度算子的纵横波解耦方法会使波场的相位和振幅产生畸变,且解耦后的波场在极性反转位置上无法与分离前混合波场各分量对应。在散度和旋度算子上再做一次梯度和旋度运算的波场分离方法虽然能够克服上述缺陷,但存在保幅性差等问题。本文从粘弹介质中的一阶速度-应力方程出发,推导了矢量纵横波分离的波数域表达式,结合有限差分思路给出了其在空间域的求解方法。本文方法利用纵横波的传播速度对现有的矢量波场分离方法进行振幅校正,并将校正结果分别作为纵波与横波对时间的二阶偏导,实现了粘弹介质中的纵横波分离。模型试算结果表明,本文方法能够克服现有方法的缺陷,获得更具保幅性的波场分离结果。     

Burial and exhumation of the Hoh Xil Basin,northern Tibetan Plateau: Constraints from detrital (U-Th)/He ages

The uplift and associated exhumation of the Tibetan Plateau has been widely considered a key control of Cenozoic global cooling. The south-central parts of this plateau experienced rapid exhumation during the Cretaceous–Palaeocene periods. When and how the northern part was exhumed, however, remains controversial. The Hoh Xil Basin (HXB) is the largest late Cretaceous–Cenozoic sedimentary basin in the northern part, and it preserves the archives of the exhumation history. We present detrital apatite and zircon (U-Th)/He data from late Cretaceous–Cenozoic sedimentary rocks of the western and eastern HXB. These data, combined with regional geological constraints and interpreted with inverse and forward model of sediment deposition and burial reheating, suggest that the occurrence of ca. 4–2.7 km and ca. 4–2.3 km of vertical exhumation initiated at ca. 30–25 Ma and 40–35 Ma in the eastern and western HXB respectively. The initial differential exhumation of the eastern HXB and the western HXB might be controlled by the oblique subduction of the Qaidam block beneath the HXB. The initial exhumation timing in the northern Tibetan Plateau is younger than that in the south-central parts. This reveals an episodic exhumation of the Tibetan Plateau compared to models of synchronous Miocene exhumation of the entire plateau and the early Eocene exhumation of the northern Tibetan Plateau shortly after the India–Asia collision. One possible mechanism to account for outward growth is crustal shortening. A simple model of uplift and exhumation would predict a maximum of 0.8 km of surface uplift after upper crustal shortening during 30–27 Ma, which is insufficient to explain the high elevations currently observed. One way to increase elevation without changing exhumation rates and to decouple uplift from upper crustal shortening is through the combined effects of continental subduction, mantle lithosphere removal and magmatic inflation.     

应用Excel 软件计算生物多样性指数

生物多样性指数是生物群落研究中的重要参数,广泛应用于海洋生态系统生物多样性的评价和研究。作者利用微软的电子表格软件Excel中的数组函数、条件函数及其他函数,提供了一种快速、简便、可靠的同时计算Shannon、Simpson、Berger-Parker、Margalef和Pielou均匀度指数等8种常用生物多样性指数的方法,应用开发的Excel文件——Biodixcel.xlsx,使用者只需在此文件列出的表格中一次性录入所要计算的原始数据即可在此表格中同时得到上述几个指数的计算结果,本方法为群落生物多样性的计算提供了一种简单、实用的工具。     

海洋沉积物黏土矿物相对含量不同计算方法对比研究

海洋沉积物黏土矿物相对含量计算存在多种计算方法,并不统一,限制了异源黏土矿物的整合和使用。文章选取了两种较为常见的计算方法,即Biscaye和国标中规定的计算方法,分别对东印度洋109个表层样品黏土矿物的相对百分含量进行计算,分析对比了两种方法计算结果之间的差异。结果显示,两种计算方法结果存在显著正相关,都能显示黏土矿物分布的变化趋势,4种黏土矿物相关系数由高到底分别为:蒙皂石0.986、伊利石0.974、绿泥石0.924、高岭石0.923。相对于Biscaye计算方法,国标计算方法会增加伊利石和高岭石的相对百分含量而降低蒙皂石和绿泥石的相对百分含量。两种计算方法黏土矿物的含量相关性较好,可以建立起相互数学转换关系式。但在不同的海区,由于矿物成因、结晶程度以及混层矿物的出现可能会使衍射峰形态发生改变,从而相关性系数和转换关系也会相应发生改变。     

GRACE时变信号恢复方法对比分析

针对利用GRACE重力数据反演地表质量变化过程中产生的时变信号削弱和泄露现象,分别采用尺度因子法和迭代恢复法对信号进行恢复,并选用CSR Mascon产品从时间序列变化和空间分布两个角度对两种恢复方法的效果进行对比分析。结果表明:1)尺度因子法虽实现上较为简单,但其计算结果完全依赖于所选的先验模型,当所选模型的可靠性较差时,会影响到GRACE反演结果的可靠性。2)迭代恢复法的恢复过程仅受GRACE原始观测值的约束,能较好地恢复研究区域的长期趋势信号和周期信号,但在部分区域可能存在信号过量恢复的现象。建议采用迭代恢复法进行GRACE时变信号恢复。     

潜艇指挥台围壳对阻力和伴流场影响数值研究

采用Reynolds平均Navier-Stokes(RANS)方法计算潜艇三维粘性流场,分析潜艇指挥台围壳对潜艇水动力性能的影响.采用全附体SUBOFF模型验证了CFD方法,通过将螺旋桨盘面处的实效伴流场、艇体表面压力分布以及模型总阻力的模拟结果与Taylor船池的实验结果进行对比.比较结果显示CFD计算结果与实验数据具有很好的一致性,表明CFD方法可以用于潜艇指挥台围壳设计的水动力计算.通过数值计算研究指挥台围壳的高度和在艇上的分布位置对其后方的流场、螺旋桨盘面处的伴流场和阻力的影响.     

Characteristics of water exchange in the Luzon Strait during September 2006

The Luzon Strait is the only deep channel that connects the South China Sea(SCS) with the Pacific.The transport through the Luzon Strait is an important process influencing the circulation,heat and water budgets of the SCS.Early observations have suggested that water enters the SCS in winter but water inflow or outflow in summer is quite controversial.On the basis of hydrographic measurements from CTD along 120° E in the Luzon Strait during the period from September 18 to 20 in 2006,the characteristics of t...