Relaxation of protostellar accretion shocks using the smoothed particle hydrodynamics

It is believed that protostellar accretion disks are formed from nearly ballistic infall of molecular matter in rotating core collapse. Collisions of this infalling matter leads to formation of strong supersonic shocks, which if they cool rapidly, result in accumulation of that material in a thin structure in the equatorial plane. Here, we investigate the relaxation time of the protostellar accretion post‐shock gas using the smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH). For this purpose, a one‐dimensional head‐on collision of two molecular sheets is considered, and the time evolution of the temperature and density of the post‐shock region simulated. The results show that in strong supersonic shocks, the temperature of the post‐shock gas quickly increases proportional to square of the Mach number, and then gradually decreases according to the cooling processes. Using a suitable cooling function shows that in appropriate time‐scale, the center of the collision, which is at the equatorial plane of the core, is converted to a thin dense molecular disk, together with atomic and ionized gases around it. This structure for accretion disks may justify the suitable conditions for grain growth and formation of proto‐planetary entities (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Studying the formation of massive stars with VLT/X‐shooter

The birth process and (early) evolution of massive stars is still poorly understood. Massive stars are rare, their birthplaces are hidden from view and their formation timescale is short. So far, our physical knowledge of these young massive stars has been derived from near‐IR imaging and spectroscopy, revealing populations of young OB‐type stars, some still surrounded by a (remnant?) accretion disk, others apparently “normal” main sequence stars powering H II regions. The most important spectral features of OB‐type stars are, however, located in the UV and optical range. With VLT/X‐shooter it is possible to extend the spectral coverage of these young massive stars into the optical range, to better determine their photospheric properties, to study the onset of the stellar wind, and to characterize the physical structure of the circumstellar disk (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

X‐shooting Herbig Ae/Be stars: Accretion probed by near‐infrared He I emission

The Herbig Ae/Be stars are intermediate mass pre‐main sequence stars that bridge the gap between the low mass T Tauri stars and the Massive Young Stellar Objects. In this mass range, the acting star forming mechanism switches from magnetically controlled accretion to an as yet unknown mechanism, but which is likely to be direct disk accretion onto the star. We observed a large sample of Herbig Ae/Be stars with X‐shooter to address this issue from a multi‐wavelength perspective. It is the largest such study to date, not only because of the number of objects involved, but also because of the large wavelength coverage from the blue to the near‐infrared. This allows many accretion diagnostics to be studied simultaneously. By correlating the various properties with mass, temperature and age, we aim to determine where and whether the magnetically controlled mass accretion mechanism halts and the proposed direct disk accretion takes over. Here, we will give an overview of the background, present some observations and discuss our initial results. We will introduce a new accretion diagnostic for the research of Herbig Ae/Be stars, the HeI 1.083 μm line (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Tube-forming polychaetes enhance invertebrate diversity and abundance in sandy sediments of Mozambique,Africa

In marine soft-bottom systems, polychaetes can increase habitat complexity by constructing rigid tubes (e.g. several onuphid species) that contrast with surrounding topographically flat sediments. These structures can provide predation refuges and increase larval settlement and thereby increase the richness and abundance of fauna. We collected invertebrate samples from an intertidal flat with low onuphid tube density (2.7 m^–2) in Mozambique and document that more organisms (70 times higher mollusc abundances) and more species (15 times more mollusc species) were found associated with solitary tubes of an onuphid polychaete compared with surrounding sand habitats. These results are in agreement with tube versus sand comparisons from soft-bottom systems in the North Atlantic where polychaete tube densities are often much higher.     

渤海古近系东营组三角洲相油田地质特征研究

渤海古近系东营组三角洲相油田是渤海油田的主力含油层系.从构造、储层与沉积、流体和油藏等方面对渤海海域东营组三角洲相油田地质特征进行了研究,按河流三角洲和辫状河三角洲相砂岩油藏两种沉积相类型分别对储层分布特征进行了描述.在此基础上探讨了此类油田的流体分布特点和油藏模式,并认为渤海东营组三角洲相油田以中到大型为主,储层岩性大都属于高孔高渗的疏松砂岩,储层具有分布较稳定、油层厚和物性好等特点,原油以普通稠油为主,其次是中、低黏油.     

川东北飞仙关组沉积控储机理研究

在礁滩型碳酸盐岩储层中,沉积对储层发育的控制作用至关重要。以川东北普光和元坝地区的下三叠统飞仙关组台地边缘浅滩相储层为例,在沉积背景及其演化分析的基础上,研究了飞仙关组沉积亚相及微相发育特征,划分并描述了典型钻井储层高频旋回,讨论了层序演化对储层发育的控制作用,高频旋回发育及其与孔隙发育的相关性、相对海平面变化与储层非均质性的关系,以及沉积、成岩环境对储层早期孔隙发育的控制作用。     

延长探区下古生界马家沟组储层流体包裹体特征

流体包裹体研究在划分油气运移充注期次、确定油气藏形成时间等方面均有重要的应用价值.通过镜下观察流体包裹体的特征,划分类型,描述其特征,对与烃类共生的盐水包裹体进行均一化温度测试,并结合其他相关地质资料,认为延长探区马家沟组储层流体包裹体的均一温度集中分布在85~115℃范围内,包裹体捕获时的埋藏深度为2500~2800 m.结合盆地的埋藏史推测天然气成藏时间为晚三叠-早侏罗世.     

吉林塔东铁矿赋矿建造地球化学特征及其地质构造意义

塔东铁矿严格受层位控制,产于新元古界塔东群拉拉沟岩组中,属于大型沉积变质型磁铁矿床.赋矿火山岩岩石化学成分具有低SiO₂、高MgO、富Na₂O的地球化学特征,火山岩成分点集中分布于造山带（岛弧或活动大陆边缘）火山岩区;亲幔元素（Cr、Ni、Co）相对亏损,大离子亲石元素相对富集;含有较高的总稀土和高度富集LREE,贫HREE,显示在火山岩成分中加入较多的陆壳成分.该矿床形成于与板块俯冲体系有关的岛弧或活动大陆边缘构造背景.     

湛江组结构性黏土区域微观结构特性研究

形成于早更新世的湛江组地层广泛分布于雷州半岛地区,其最为典型的灰色黏土因具有强结构性,在实际工程中出现了一系列岩土工程问题,为众多学者所关注。根据地层学研究结果,雷州半岛各区域的湛江组灰色黏土具有不同沉积环境。由于地质成因的差异,灰色黏土在不同区域表现出不同的工程特性。工程实际中,灰色黏土工程特性的区域性,使得工程界及研究者对于该土层的工程力学效益更是难以掌握。利用X射线衍射试验及电镜扫描试验,研究了不同区域灰色黏土的矿物成分及含量、微结构等微观结构特性。结果表明：不同沉积环境灰色黏土矿物成分及含量存在区域性差异,各矿物成分按照不同比例组合,形成的土体微结构区域特性明显。灰色黏土具有强结构性微观机制的揭示及区域差异性的分析,有利于对该层黏土的全面认知和利用。     

川西裂缝性致密碎屑岩气藏高渗区成因机理及预测

川西深层上三叠统须家河组二段致密碎屑岩气藏非均质性极强,裂缝网络与相对优质储层叠加形成的高渗区分布预测是钻井获得高产稳产的技术关键。通过地表露头调查、钻井资料统计分析及地震地质综合研究,剖析了高渗区地质成因机理,认为在砂岩及岩性相变带、相对薄层及地层厚度突变带、优质储层发育区、强构造褶皱变形区、断裂附近等易于形成裂缝及高渗区。通过高渗区储层测井及波阻抗特征、地震响应特征对比分析、模型正演等方法,建立了“杂乱弱反射”地震暗点识别模式,利用吸收处理、像素成像、三维可视化等地震技术手段,预测了高渗区分布,解释了各高渗区地质成因,钻井验证了预测结果。