Review and enhancement of 3D concrete models for large‐scale numerical simulations of concrete structures

The present paper focuses on selected plasticity and damage‐plasticity models for describing the 3D material behavior of concrete. In particular, a plasticity model and a damage‐plasticity model are reviewed and evaluated. Based on the results of the evaluation, enhancements are proposed, aiming at improving the correspondence between predicted and observed material behavior and aiming at implementing a robust and efficient stress update algorithm in a finite element program for performing large‐scale 3D numerical simulations of concrete structures. The capabilities of the concrete models are demonstrated by 3D numerical simulations of benchmark tests with combined bending and torsional loading and combined compression and shear loading and by a large‐scale 3D finite element analysis of a model test of a concrete arch dam. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

雅安芦山4.20震后县级单元生态系统风险评价

区域生态风险评价是对各种生态风险及环境问题进行评价和管理的重要手段。针对雅安地震灾区特殊的自然地理及生态环境特征,选取芦山县为研究对象,采用遥感、GIS及SPSS统计分析的方法,通过风险源、风险受体、暴露和易损性分析,建立生态风险综合评价模型,划分生态风险区类型,进而提出生态风险管理对策。结果表明:1)微度和低度生态风险区集中分布在高海拔的森林及草地生态系统,该区生物多样性丰富,抗干扰能力较强,地质灾害及人类活动影响较小;2)中度和高度生态风险区具有沿农田及建设用地生态系统集聚分布的特征,该区地质灾害频繁,地壳活动性较强,生态系统抵抗灾害的能力较差。研究结果可为地震灾区防御、规避风险及安全选址提供科学依据。     

Testing and modeling of the mechanical behavior of dolomite in the Wudongde hydropower plant

In order to understand the mechanical behaviours of the surrounding rocks in the underground caverns of the Wudongde hydropower plant, triaxial tests are performed on a type of dolomite. It is revealed that damage induced by crack development is the main factor controlling the nonlinear plastic deformation and failure behaviour of the dolomite in both pre- and post-peak regimes. Based on this understanding, a coupled elastoplastic damage model is developed for capturing the dolomite’s mechanical behaviours. In the model, the effects of plasticity and damage on rocks is described by introducing plastic hardening and damage softening commonly in the plastic yield surface. Which are both derived from a suitable Helmholtz free energy function. The model is used to simulate the triaxial tests. Comparisons between test results and the numerical modelling show that the developed model is capable of describing the macro mechanical behaviours of the Wudongde dolomite.     

南图尔盖盆地Aryskum坳陷钾盐的测井响应特征及其分布

钾盐作为战略资源,在农业、工业等领域具有重要的使用价值。世界大多数固态钾资源发现于大规模的石油勘探过程中,充分利用各种油气地质、地球物理资料开展钾盐勘探对于国家发展尤为重要。位于哈萨克斯坦的南图尔盖盆地地质构造简单、资源勘探潜力较大。文中以南图尔盖盆地Aryskum坳陷为研究区块,基于其沉积地质特点,结合多口井的常规测井资料及前人研究成果,综合分析自然伽马、自然电位、三孔隙度等测井曲线的响应特征,含钾层段具体表现为自然伽马异常高值,并通过无铀伽马曲线等排除铀、钍元素影响,扩径使得中子值偏高,自然电位异常幅度由砂岩层的负异常变化为正异常,电阻率值偏高,密度值介于2.25~2.45 g/cm³,声波时差在270~350 μs/m范围内。基于含钾层测井曲线特点,利用测井曲线综合识别法、重叠法、交会图法进行研究区钾盐识别。在研究区30余口井中发现有可溶性钾盐层分布,分布在M-Ⅱ-3、M-Ⅱ-2小层底部,其中M-Ⅱ-3层底部为主要钾盐层段,并对各井含钾层段累计厚度进行统计分析。最后,借助地层对比分析含钾层段在横向和纵向上的展布情况,通过等厚图的绘制开展了找钾有利区分析,拓展了测井资料在南图尔盖盆地钾盐勘查中的应用,进而为今后研究区钾盐找矿提供重点方向。     

生态地质研究进展与展望

生态地质学是研究生态系统与地质环境之间关系的一门交叉学科,对国土空间生态保护修复工作有重要理论支撑作用。我国生态地质研究工作虽然经过了多年的发展与积淀,但时至今日生态地质学仍然处于研究和探索阶段。鉴于此,基于前人的大量研究,总结了国内外生态地质研究进展: 国际上,俄罗斯建立了生态地质学研究体系,美国发起的地球关键带研究是与生态地质研究十分契合的主题; 在国内,生态地质研究主要着眼于”生态-地质”相互作用过程与机理以及地质环境影响下的系统性生态修复研究。在此基础上,提出了生态地质学涵义及其研究内容、方法技术创新及学科体系构建思路,以期为服务山水林田湖草沙整体保护、系统修复、综合治理和生态地质系统深化研究提供借鉴。     

AN ANALYSIS OF THE SEISMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF STEEL-JACKETED CIRCULAR BRIDGE COLUMNS

The current approach for seismic retrofit of deficient bridge columns in California involves extensive use of steel jacketing. In this paper, the influence of steel jacketing on the lateral response of circular bridge columns is studied; particularly, the enhancement of the ultimate compressive strain of concrete, the increase in curvature ductility capacity and the increase in lateral stiffness are investigated. The current steel jacket thickness used in California is shown to enhance the ultimate compressive strain of concrete by 4–9 times the spalling strain of unconfined concrete. For larger steel jacket thickness, the ultimate limit state of steel-jacketed columns may be governed by the low-cycle fatigue fracture of the longitudinal reinforcement instead of the ultimate compressive strain of concrete. Steel jacketing is also expected to increase significantly the lateral stiffness of columns if full-height steel jackets are used. The increase in lateral stiffness of flexural columns (3⩽L/D⩽9) is estimated to be 35–60 per cent using current jacket thickness. Inelastic dynamic analyses of steel-jacketed columns using ground motions recorded during the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake indicated that the current steel jacket thickness provides adequate protection against the damage potential of the ground motions with comparable spectral acceleration as that specified in current design spectra, and the damage sustained by the steel-jacketed column is likely to be repairable.     

藏东巴青县北部酉西岩组构造片理形成及构造意义

西藏巴青县以北酉西岩组主要由石英构造片岩、钠长石英构造片岩、白云母石英构造片岩组成,构造片理为近水平韧性剪切作用产物。宏观上构造片理构成了宽缓的背形、向形褶皱构造,构造片理上广布一期透入性拉伸线理,将构造片理展平,分布在透入性片理上的线理具明显优选方位,方向为280~100°。根据微观构造分析,韧性剪切指向为自西向东运动,构造片岩内发育多硅白云母。多硅白云母电子探针分析结果认为其形成环境为低温高压蓝片岩相,变质温度确定为320~500℃、压力0·6~1·1GPa。多硅白云母40Ar/39Ar测年结果为(230±1)Ma,为中三叠世末期。酉西岩组构造片理(韧性剪切作用)与查吾拉—吉塘印支期构造岩浆带形成密切相关。     

长周期地震动衰减关系研究的迫切性

通过对长周期震害及长周期地震动研究的历史进行回顾指出,目前,大多数反应谱的周期还不够长,反应谱所反映的谱形与距离、震级和场地条件的关系还很有限,长周期地震动的研究仍需要不断完善,未来的长周期地震动的研究应注重软土场地的大震远场效应。     

环保型弱凝胶护壁护心钻井液研究与应用

海域浅层气地质调查和盐湖环境科学钻探在松散砂岩钻探取样工程中,存在孔壁易坍塌、成孔率低等技术难题,为此开展了松散砂岩地层环保型弱凝胶护壁护心钻井液技术研究。通过弱凝胶结构研究及成胶剂、交联剂及抗盐降滤失剂等材料优选,研发了一套环保型弱凝胶护壁护心钻井液,评价了钻井液的流变性、滤失性、抑制性、护心性能、环保性能等性能,并在山西某盐湖环境科学钻探工程进行现场应用。室内及现场应用结果表明：研制的弱凝胶护壁护心钻井液具有良好的流变性、降滤失性、抑制性（岩屑回收率96.3%）、护壁护心性能及环保性能（BOD5/COD比值24.6%,EC50值47950 mg/L）,能有效解决松散砂岩类地层孔壁坍塌、岩屑不易携带等问题,在松散地层钻探工程中具有广阔的应用前景。     

造山型金矿容矿建造分类、成矿模式及找矿勘查

造山型金矿床指造山过程中形成的后生脉状金矿床,受构造、建造双重控制,是全球最重要的金矿勘查类型。按容矿岩石建造的不同,造山型金矿可分为绿岩带型（包括绿片岩型、BIF型和花岗- 片麻岩型3个亚类型）、浊积岩型、碳酸盐岩型和浅成侵入岩型,构成了造山型金矿床完整的成矿谱系。不同类型之间具有紧密的时空和成因联系,可互为找矿标志。绿岩组合和浊积岩系具有高的金丰度,既是容矿岩系,也是重要的矿源层,多类型造山作用驱动大规模区域性流体活动,造就了造山型金矿省/巨型成矿带,岩浆流体叠加和“热机效应”是形成超大型金矿床的重要因素。构建了多源区域性流体+岩浆流体叠加的地壳连续成矿模型和造山型金矿区域成矿模式,强调了多旋回造山作用对造山型金矿的成矿意义。“富金矿源层+剪切变形带+浅成侵入岩”组合是大型金矿系统的勘查选区标志,靶区优选的目标是获取找矿潜力大的优质矿权;矿权区勘查的优先目标是发现可规模化露天开采的矿床（体）,通过化探异常评价和浅钻追索次生富集带,可快速发现主矿体;矿区深部找矿（深度>300 m）潜力巨大,主攻目标是资源量大、品位高的热液通道相的厚板状或筒状矿体。