基于流溪河模型的新丰江水库入库洪水预报模型研究

基于流溪河模型构建了不同空间分辨率的新丰江水库入库洪水预报模型,采用粒子群算法优选模型参数进行洪水模拟,对比实测资料验证了模型性能。结果表明,建立的新丰江水库入库洪水预报流溪河模型模拟效果优良,符合新丰江水库入库洪水预报的精度要求,可用于新丰江水库入库洪水预报：90 m空间分辨率的模型模拟效果最好,200 m空间分辨率的模型也具有良好的模拟性能,500 m空间分辨率的模型模拟性能有明显降低。模型计算工作量随分辨率的提高呈指数增加,90 m空间分辨率的参数优选时间是200 m空间分辨率参数优选时间的7.04倍,而200 m空间分辨率的参数优选时间是500 m空间分辨率参数优选时间的3.53倍。     

基于雷达反射率因子和雷电定位数据的深度学习雷电预报模型

利用卷积神经网络和门控循环单元(Gated recurrent units)神经网络,基于雷达反射率因子和雷电定位数据开展了雷电预报研究。首先构建了引用注意力机制的基于卷积神经网络和门控循环单元神经网络的深度学习模型(Attention-ConvGRU);然后将雷达反射率因子数据和对应时间段(6 min)的雷电定位数据处理成图像数据后输入深度学习模型,训练出可预报雷电的模型,包括3种模型:单雷电数据模型、单雷达数据模型和雷电-雷达双数据模型;最后开展了预报试验和定量评估。综合评估表明,本文建立的雷电预报模型综合预报准确率达到96.74%,虚警率35.83%,关键成功指数(Critical Success Index,CSI)为0.2072。个例分析表明,预报模型对于具有明显移动趋势的雷暴过程(A类雷暴)的预报效果优于不具有明显移动趋势的雷暴过程(B类雷暴),且随着B类雷暴强度减弱模型预报能力逐渐减弱。     

基于EMD的景区客流波动特征及其组合预测——以黄山风景区为例

旅游地的发展演化过程研究大多采用Bulter 的生命周期理论路径, 少有文献从波动的视角理解和分析旅游地的发展演化过程。本文以黄山风景区为例, 采用经验模态分解方法(EMD)尝试从波动的视角分析景区客流波动特征, 并利用波动性特征对其发展进行组合预测(经验模态分解方法和最小二乘支持向量机方法的组合)。研究结果表明:黄山景区客流波动呈现出多种形态, 在增长趋势的基础上叠加了季节性波动、景区旅游周期波动和景区经济周期波动。其与最小二乘支持向量机组合预测模型能够对景区客流进行有效预测, 并且运算速度快, 预测精度有所提高;与生命周期曲线相比较更加直观、微观、准确, 并且能够进行较为准确的客流预报, 有助于景区规划管理和战略决策。     

边坡变形及失稳的变权重组合预测模型

边坡变形和失稳受本身地质条件和外部环境等多方面因素的影响,由于这些因素的复杂性、多样性及其变化的随机性导致不同的边坡的位移和变形趋势有可能存在较大的差异。在分析总结边坡变形规律的基础上,针对边坡的典型位移-历时曲线需经历初始变形、稳定变形和加速变形3个阶段,呈反“S”型的特点,根据边坡位移的实测时间序列资料建立边坡变形的成长曲线反函数变权重组合的时变预测模型。通过与工程实例的对比分析表明,各单项预测方法是基于已知样本的固定模型,能大致反映边坡变形的发展趋势,但仍存在较大误差,而所提出的方法能充分考虑不同模型的优点,有较高的精度,适用于实际工程中边坡的变形预测及失稳的预警。     

国内外基础地质数据更新现状与思考

在大数据、云计算、移动互联网等信息技术的推动下,地质科研范式正由过去的经验范式、理论范式向数据密集型范式转变。基础地质数据是国家基础性、战略性、公益性地质调查工作成果,反映了地质调查的精度和质量,是地质调查工作创新、服务和可持续发展的基点与源泉,决定了地质调查事业发展的战略制高点和竞争力。在以密集数据为基础的科学研究第四范式即将来临之际,基础地质数据的数量、质量和更新时效已成为衡量一个国家地质调查工作水准的基础标准之一。大部分国家按照严格的技术标准实现了基础地质数据库的实时更新和基础地质数据与图件的一体化表达,并面向社会需求研发出类别丰富的地质数据衍生产品。我国虽然建成了地质云平台,实现了一批数据库的汇聚和共享,但基础地质数据更新机制尚不健全,影响了宏观尺度的地质认知水平;基础地质数据更新标准与技术刚刚提上日程,制约了地质调查工作的支撑服务能力;基础地质数据研发服务能力不足,限制了数据更新的外在需求。基于此,本文提出了依托地质云平台构建基础地质数据更新体系的建议:一是建立“地质云节点一盘棋”的数据更新工作机制;二是构建全国统一的基础地质数据更新标准体系;三是构建“大数据、智能化和在线化”三位一体的数据更新技术体系;四是打造多方稳定协同的数据更新队伍体系。     

Limitations of real-time models for forecasting river flooding from monsoon rainfall

Very intense rainfall during the southwest and northeast monsoons causes severe river flooding in India. Some traditional techniques used for real-time forecasting of flooding involve the relationship between effective rainfall and direct surface runoff, which simplifies the complex interactions between rainfall and runoff processes. There are, however, serious problems in deducing these variables in real time, so it is highly desirable to have a real-time flood forecasting model that would directly relate the observed discharge hydrograph to the observed rainfall. The storage routing model described by Baba and Hoshi (1997), Tanaka et al. (1997), and Baba et al. (2000), and a simplified version of this model, have been used to compute observed river discharge directly from observed hourly rainfall. This method has been used to study rainfall–runoff data of the Ajay River Basin in eastern India. Five intense rainfall events of this basin were studied. Our results showed that the Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency of discharge prediction for these five events was 98.6%, 94.3%, 86.9%, 85.6%, and 67%. The hindcast for the first two events is regarded as completely satisfactory whereas for the next two events it is deemed reasonable and for the fifth it is unsatisfactory. It seems the models will yield accurate hindcast if the rainfall is uniform over the drainage basin. When the rainfall is not uniform the performance of the model is unsatisfactory. In future this problem can, in principle, be corrected by using a weighted amount if rainfall is based upon multiple rain-gauge observations over the drainage basin. This would provide some measure of the dispersion in the rainfall. The model also seems unable to simulate flooding events with multiple peaks.     

改进的灰色预测模型在地面沉降预测中的应用

在地面沉降这一复杂系统中,既含有已知的又古有未知的或非确定的信息,可以作为一个灰色系统来研究.本文针对地面沉降的下沉曲线非线性特征,提出用一种基于残差灰色预测模型对地面沉降量时间序列进行研究.结果表明,通过改进后的灰色预测模型,预测精度得到了提高,在沉降量比较大和水准点比较稀少的地区,利用此模型预测地面沉降可减少地面沉降监测经费,并能实时提供地面沉降预警信息.     

基于改进型前馈神经网络的流域产流预报模型的研究

在分析流域产流机制、影响因素和现行产流计算方法的基础上,首次取前期影响雨量、主产流历时、全过程面平均雨量和４个代表雨强计７个因子作为神经网络输入,直接以流域产流深作为神经网络输出,并针对传统ＢＰ算法的固有缺陷,采用混合ＧＮ－ＢＦＧＳ算法训练网络。实例验证了所建模型及算法的有效性和可行性。还对神经网络隐层单位数等进行了初步研究。     

Risk Assessment,Emergency Preparedness and Response to Hazards: The Case of the 1997 Red River Valley Flood,Canada

The prevention and/or mitigation offlood disasters requires continual research, numerouscapital investment decisions, and high-qualitymaintenance and modifications of flood-controlstructures. In addition, institutional and privatepreparedness is needed. The experience offlood-control in North America has shown mixedoutcomes: while flood frequency has declined duringthe last few decades, the economic losses havecontinued to rise. Recent catastrophic floods havealso been linked to major structural interventions inthe region. The flood diversions may cause harmfuleffects upon the floodplain inhabitants by influencingflood levels in areas which are not normallyflood-prone. The increasing vulnerability of thefloodplain inhabitants poses new challenges and raisesquestions concerning the existing risk assessmentmethods, institutional preparedness and responses todisaster-related public emergencies, and local-levelpublic involvement in flood mitigation efforts.In the context of the catastrophic 1997 floods of theRed River Valley, Manitoba, Canada, this researchfocuses on two aspects of flood-related emergencygovernance and management: (i) the functions andeffectiveness of control structures, and (ii) theroles, responsibilities and effectiveness oflegislative and other operational measures. The studyconcludes that the flood-loss mitigation measures,both in terms of effects of control structures andinstitutional interventions for emergency evacuation,were not fully effective for ensuring the well-beingand satisfaction of floodplain inhabitants. Althoughorganizational preparedness and mobilization to copewith the 1997 flood emergency was considerable, theirsuccess during the onset of the flood event waslimited. Lack of communication and understandingbetween institutions, a reluctance to implementup-to-date regulations, and minimal publicparticipation in the emergency decision-making processall contributed to the difficulties experienced byfloodplain inhabitants.     

潞西盆地浅层地下水脆弱性预测分析

运用DRASTIC方法，评价潞西盆地浅层地下水脆弱性，结合区内人类工程活动因子。对潞西盆地远期地下水脆弱性进行预测分析，成果可为区内土地规划、备用水源地的选择、垃圾填埋场的选址及实现水资源可持续利用提供合理依据。