Accuracy of forecasting in a Nordic paper mill's supply chain: A case study

The article compares the accuracy of forecasted and actual supply chain cost and price factors in a Nordic paper mill's sales to customers in two large European countries. Empirical longitudinal research data covering the years between 2002 and 2008 were obtained from a large integrated Finnish paper mill, and consisted of sales volumes, paper prices, variable costs, and transport costs. It was expected that the mill would be able to forecast demand, prices and costs accurately, but the empirical findings showed that the forecasts for paper price, demand, and cost varied from one market to another and were not highly accurate. In addition, the forecasting of gross margins seemed to be very inexact. It is concluded that there is a need for more reliable forecasting methods in the paper industry to anticipate economic development as paper demand and costs change.     

基于生态足迹模型的福建省生态安全分析与预测

生态足迹是目前较通用的衡量区域可持续发展的指标,利用生态足迹模型与其他指标结合,可以测算生态赤字（盈余）、生态足迹压力指数、万元GDP足迹等反映区域生态安全状态的定量指标．本研究计算了2002-2008年福建省人均生态赤字及生态足迹压力指数,得到全省生态压力的变化趋势．利用GM（1,1）灰色预测模型预测2009--2014年福建省人均耕地生态足迹与承载力、人均建筑用地生态足迹与承载力、人均生态赤字及生态足迹压力指数,结果表明,若继续沿着2002--2008年的发展模式,福建省在未来几年内生态安全将面临极大威胁,全省经济发展模式转型刻不容缓．     

The reserves of extracted resources: Historical data

The available data on known reserves of extracted resources have not previously been tabulated and graphed. In this article we compile the reserves data in one place for the first time. This serves to (1) show the trends in the reserves series, (2) make the series available to others, and (3) place the reserves data in the context of price data for which longer series have been available, and with which they can now be seen to be consistent in both showing increasing availability rather than increasing scarcity.     

兰州市人体舒适度预报系统开发研制

利用兰州市197l-2000年气象资料，统计分析各气象要素的变化规律，并探讨其对人体舒适度的影响。在国内外人体实验和有关研究方法基础上，结合本地特殊的气候状况，建立了与人体舒适度有关的8个指数的计算方法和相应的预报等级，并在预报实践中进行了效果检验和参数订正，可以满足兰州市气象指数预报业务的需要。     

华北地区区域性暴雨综合预报技术

华北地区区域性暴雨综合预报技术是以ＨＬＡＦＳ数值降水预报产品为基础，以物理量诊断为主要依据，综合使用上卫星云图，常规气象资料和国内外数值预报产品等众多信息逐步订正，以人机结合方式制作华北地区区域性暴雨预报的技术。实验表明，该技术对华北暴雨有较好的判断和预报能力，其主要特点是；基本上模拟预报员的预报思维和业务流程制作暴雨预报１，系统分段执行，透明度大，便于改进，也有利于预报员了解暴发生发展的机理和规     

影响我国北方的台风相似预报系统

普查建国以来影响我国北方的所有台风个例 ,建立了影响我国北方的台风详细历史资料库 ,对台风位置、形成季节、移向、天气形势等进行相似分析 ,并在MICAPS平台上 ,建立了短期和中期台风相似预报系统。     

考虑时变影响的拱坝坝肩空间变形场预测

坝肩变形是拱坝坝肩稳定状态的综合反映,在运行期呈小变形变化,监测点测值在空间上具有连续性,同时影响拱坝坝肩变形的各种因素具有时变性。通过融合统计回归和多层递阶方法的特点,建立了反映变形场空间和时变特性的空间时变分析模型。实例分析表明,该模型实用有效,预测精度高。考虑时变影响可以提高拱坝坝肩空间变形场的预测能力,对监控拱坝坝肩的实际工作状况有重要意义。     

用时间序列模拟和预报天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川年径流总量

本文把1958—1984年天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川的融水径流总量的时间序列X(t),分解为趋势项L(t)、周期项P(t)、平稳项S(t)、随机项ε(t),使该时间序列表示为X(t)=L(t)+P(t)+S(t)+ε(t)。采用非线性回归提取L(t),用谱分析和Fourier级数提取P(t),余差用自回归方程建模,用上述项的叠加作出预报,按相关指数公式计算R=0.90,效果良好。     

Limitations of real-time models for forecasting river flooding from monsoon rainfall

Very intense rainfall during the southwest and northeast monsoons causes severe river flooding in India. Some traditional techniques used for real-time forecasting of flooding involve the relationship between effective rainfall and direct surface runoff, which simplifies the complex interactions between rainfall and runoff processes. There are, however, serious problems in deducing these variables in real time, so it is highly desirable to have a real-time flood forecasting model that would directly relate the observed discharge hydrograph to the observed rainfall. The storage routing model described by Baba and Hoshi (1997), Tanaka et al. (1997), and Baba et al. (2000), and a simplified version of this model, have been used to compute observed river discharge directly from observed hourly rainfall. This method has been used to study rainfall–runoff data of the Ajay River Basin in eastern India. Five intense rainfall events of this basin were studied. Our results showed that the Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency of discharge prediction for these five events was 98.6%, 94.3%, 86.9%, 85.6%, and 67%. The hindcast for the first two events is regarded as completely satisfactory whereas for the next two events it is deemed reasonable and for the fifth it is unsatisfactory. It seems the models will yield accurate hindcast if the rainfall is uniform over the drainage basin. When the rainfall is not uniform the performance of the model is unsatisfactory. In future this problem can, in principle, be corrected by using a weighted amount if rainfall is based upon multiple rain-gauge observations over the drainage basin. This would provide some measure of the dispersion in the rainfall. The model also seems unable to simulate flooding events with multiple peaks.