BURIAL AND EXHUMATION OF THE XIGAZE FORE-ARC BASIN FROM LOW TEMPERATURE THERMOCHRONOLOGICAL EVIDENCE

The Xigaze fore-arc basin is adjacent to the Indian plate and Eurasia collision zone. Understanding the erosion history of the Xigaze fore-arc basin is significant for realizing the impact of the orogenic belt due to the collision between the Indian plate and the Eurasian plate. The different uplift patterns of the plateau will form different denudation characteristics. If all part of Tibet Plateau uplifted at the same time, the erosion rate of exterior Tibet Plateau will be much larger than the interior plateau due to the active tectonic action, relief, and outflow system at the edge. If the plateau grows from the inside to the outside or from the north to south sides, the strong erosion zone will gradually change along the tectonic active zone that expands to the outward, north, or south sides. Therefore, the different uplift patterns are likely to retain corresponding evidence on the erosion information. The Xigaze fore-arc basin is adjacent to the Yarlung Zangbo suture zone. Its burial, deformation and erosion history during or after the collision between the Indian plate and Eurasia are very important to understand the influence of plateau uplift on erosion. In this study, we use the apatite fission track(AFT)ages and zircon and apatite(U-Th)/He(ZHe and AHe)ages, combined with the published low-temperature thermochronological age to explore the thermal evolution process of the Xigaze fore-arc basin. The samples' elevation is in the range of 3 860~4 070m. All zircon and apatite samples were dated by the external detector method, using low~U mica sheets as external detectors for fission track ages. A Zeiss Axioskop microscope(1 250×, dry)and FT Stage 4.04 system at the Fission Track Laboratory of the University of Waikato in New Zealand were used to carry out fission track counting. We crushed our samples finely, and then used standard heavy liquid and magnetic separation with additional handpicking methods to select zircon and apatite grains. The new results show that the ZHe age of the sample M7-01 is(27.06±2.55)Ma(Table 2), and the corresponding AHe age is(9.25±0.76)Ma. The ZHe and AHe ages are significantly smaller than the stratigraphic age, indicating suffering from annealing reset(Table 3). The fission apatite fission track ages are between(74.1±7.8)Ma and(18.7±2.9)Ma, which are less than the corresponding stratigraphic age. The maximum AFT age is(74.1±7.8)Ma, and the minimum AFT age is(18.7±2.9)Ma. There is a significant north~south difference in the apatite fission track ages of the Xigaze fore-arc basin. The apatite fission track ages of the south part are 74~44Ma, the corresponding exhumation rate is 0.03~0.1km/Ma, and the denudation is less than 2km; the apatite fission track ages of the north part range from 27 to 15Ma and the ablation rate is 0.09~0.29km/Ma, but it lacks the exhumation information of the early Cenozoic. The apatite(U-Th)/He age indicates that the north~south Xigaze fore-arc basin has a consistent exhumation history after 15Ma. The results of low temperature thermochronology show that exhumation histories are different between the northern and southern Xigaze fore-arc basin. From 70 to 60Ma, the southern Xigaze fore-arc basin has been maintained in the depth of 0~6km in the near surface, and has not been eroded or buried beyond this depth. The denudation is less than the north. The low-temperature thermochronological data of the northern part only record the exhumation history after 30Ma because of the young low-temperature thermochronological data. During early Early Miocene, the rapid erosion in the northern part of Xigaze fore-arc basin may be related to the river incision of the paleo-Yarlungzangbo River. The impact of Great Count Thrust on regional erosion is limited. The AHe data shows that the exhumation history of the north-south Xigaze fore-arc basin are consistent after 15Ma. In addition, the low-temperature thermochronological data of the northern Xigaze fore-arc basin constrains geographic range of the Kailas conglomerate during the late Oligocene~Miocene along the Yarlung Zangbo suture zone. The Kailas Basin only develops in the narrow, elongated zone between the fore-arc basin and the Gangdese orogenic belt. The southern part of the Xigaze fore-arc basin has been uplifted from the sea level to the plateau at an altitude of 4.2km, despite the collision of the Indian plate with the Eurasian continent and the late fault activity, but the plateau has been slowly denuded since the early Cenozoic. The rise did not directly contribute to the accelerated erosion in the area, which is inconsistent with the assumption that rapid erosion means that the orogenic belt begins to rise.     

西藏丁青蛇绿岩中玻镁安山岩类侵入岩的地球化学特征

丁青蛇绿岩中存在一套相当于玻镁安山岩(Boninite)系的侵入岩。其中的辉绿岩与MORB比较,以富Si、K、Rb和贫Ti、Zr、Y及HREE为特征,总REE丰度低,而LREE富集,类似于西太平洋马里亚纳岛弧中的玻镁安山岩。此外,辉长岩和斜长花岗岩亦以富大离子亲石元素和贫高场强元素为特征,而方辉橄榄岩则是十分难熔的。推测丁青蛇绿岩为岛弧类型的,产于洋内消减带之上的弧前环境,而不是在洋中脊上形成的。     

Detrital Zircon U-Pb Geochronology and Provenance of the Hebukesaier Formation in the Shaerbuerti Mountains, Northern West Junggar: Implication for Devonian Subduction of the Junggar–Balkhash Ocean

Limited Devonian magmatic record in northern West Junggar leads to contrasting models on its tectonic evolution. In this study, we conducted LA-ICP-MS U-Pb dating on detrital zircons of two sandstones from the Hebukesaier Formation in the Shaerbuerti Mountains. Detrital zircons with oscillatory zoning are characterized by high Th/U (> 0.3) and low La/Yb (< 0.15), indicating their magmatic origin. The youngest zircon ages of two samples are 402 ± 2 Ma and 406 ± 2 Ma, respectively, suggesting that the Hebukesaier Formation was deposited at the Early Devonian. Detrital zircon age patterns show single peaks (at ca. 424 Ma, n =157), which indicates that these clastics were likely proximal accumulation after short distance transportation. Provenance of the Hebukesaier Formation was the Xiemisitai and Shaerbuerti Mountains. Detrital zircon ages range from 481 Ma to 395 Ma, which indicates that there was relatively continuous Early Paleozoic magmatism in the Xiemisitai and Shaerbuerti Mountains since the Early Ordovician. Age spectrums of sampled detrital zircons are distinct from those of Lower Devonian strata either in southern West Junggar or in East Junggar, which implies for individual tectonic evolution of northern West Junggar. We favor that Lower Devonian Hebukesaier Formation was developed in a fore–arc setting due to the northward subduction of the Junggar–Balkhash Ocean.     

大兴安岭北部新林地区大乌苏混杂岩锆石U-Pb年代学、地球化学及其地质意义

新林地区位于大兴安岭北部,处在塔源-新林-喜桂图断裂之上,西侧为额尔古纳地块,东侧为兴安地块。前人研究认为本区的“倭勒根群”为有序地层,通过野外观察及综合分析,认为本区地层是经历了多期次的变质变形作用,由多个构造岩块堆叠和拼贴起来的非史密斯地层单位。对新林地区大乌苏混杂岩的基质及岩块进行了碎屑锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年。测试结果显示,岩块中细碧岩的岩浆结晶年龄为（477.3±2.7）Ma,基质中变质石英砂岩的最小峰值年龄为468 Ma,限定其沉积时间为早奥陶世。而本地区二长花岗岩测年的结果为300 Ma,综合文献资料并结合本区构造特点,认为大乌苏混杂岩实际上是一套时间跨距从早奥陶世到晚石炭世的非史密斯地层。地球化学特征上,蛇绿岩残片低SiO₂,属钙碱性或拉斑玄武岩系列玄武岩;稀土元素球粒陨石标准化图解中Eu无异常或弱正异常,稀土元素总量变化较大;在微量元素原始地幔标准化图解中,富集Ba、K、Sr等大离子亲石元素,相对亏损Nb、Ta、Zr等高场强元素。可以推测在兴隆-呼玛弧后盆地进一步拉伸过程中,本区形成具有洋壳性质的大洋,同时在岛弧上形成细碧-角斑岩及中基性火山岩,在弧前形成砂泥质浊积岩。     

新疆塔克札勒蛇绿混杂岩中玄武质熔岩地球化学特征及其成因讨论

塔克札勒蛇绿混杂岩玄武岩的SiO2 和MgO高,同时较富集Cr、Ni及Co等过渡族元素,具有玻安岩特征;微量元素以富集LILE(Ba,Rb,Sr等)而亏损HFSE(Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf等)为特征;该玄武岩具LREE平坦或弱亏损、HREE亏损的分配型式;构造环境判别图解指示该玄武岩形成于弧前环境。地球化学特征与其它地质特征表明该蛇绿岩代表了古亚洲洋消亡过程中的洋壳残片。     

Siliciclastic and volcaniclastic influences on equatorial carbonates: insights from the Neogene of Indonesia

ABSTRACT In active tectonic areas of humid equatorial regions, nearshore shallow‐water environments are commonly sites of near‐continuous siliciclastic influx and/or punctuated volcaniclastic input. Despite significant clastic influence, Neogene carbonates developed in SE Asia adjacent to major deltas or volcanic arcs, and are comparable with modern mixed carbonate–clastic deposits in the region. Research into delta‐front patch reefs from Borneo and fore‐arc carbonate platform development from Java is described and used to evaluate the effects of siliciclastic and volcaniclastic influx on regional carbonate sedimentation, local changes in carbonate‐producing biota and sequence development. Regional carbonate development in areas of high siliciclastic or volcaniclastic input was influenced by the presence of antecedent highs, changes in the amounts or rates of clastic input, delta lobe switching or variations in volcanic activity, energy regimes and relative sea‐level change. A variety of carbonate‐producing organisms, including larger benthic foraminifera, some corals, coralline algae, echinoderms and molluscs could tolerate near‐continuous siliciclastic or volcaniclastic influx approximately equal to their own production rates. These organisms adopted various ‘strategies’ for coping with clastic input, including a degree of mobility, morphologies adapted to unstable substrate inhabitation or shedding sediment, and shapes adapted to low light levels. Local carbonate production was also affected by energy regime, clastic grain sizes and associated nutrient input. Clastic input influenced the inhabitable depth range for photoautotrophs, the zonation of light‐dependent assemblages and the morphology and sequence development of mixed carbonate–clastic successions. This study provides data on the dynamic interactions between carbonate and non‐carbonate clastic sediments and, when combined with information from comparable modern environments, allows a better understanding of the effects of siliciclastic and volcaniclastic influx on carbonate production.     

Geochemical and zircon U–Pb age constraints on the origin of the Mesozoic Xigaze ophiolite,Yarlung Zangbo suture zone,SW China

The Mesozoic Xigaze ophiolite is a key to understanding the tectonic evolution of the Yarlung Zangbo suture zone. Although many studies have been reported, the formation age and petrogenesis of the Xigaze ophiolite remain controversial. In this paper, new geochronological and geochemical data for mafic dikes (diabase, dolerite), lavas, and gabbros of the Xigaze ophiolite are provided to constrain the origin of the Xigaze ophiolite. Combined with previous studies, three new zircon U–Pb ages of samples from two gabbro and one dolerite samples show that the Xigaze ophiolite was produced at two distinct stages of 174–149 Ma and 137–123 Ma. Whole-rock geochemical data indicate that these rocks exhibit N-MORB-like features, but the gabbros are more depleted in trace elements and belong to cumulates. Geochemical characters, combined with their positive ε_Nd(t) values (+3.2 to +9.6), suggest that these samples originated from depleted mantle sources with minor influence of slab-derived fluids. Considering the previous studies on the Yarlung Zangbo suture zone, the Xigaze ophiolite was likely generated in an active continental margin fore-arc basin with a multistage model associated with the northward subduction of the Yarlung Zangbo Neo-Tethys Ocean beneath the Lhasa terrane. The Middle–Late Jurassic ophiolitic massifs (174–149 Ma) were produced as the result of slab rollback and were followed by subsequent slab break-off at ~ 150 Ma. The fore-arc lithosphere may be frozen at ~150–137 Ma, consistent with the termination of the Gangdese arc magmatism during this period. The Early Cretaceous ophiolitic massifs (137–123 Ma) were developed in relation to the reinitiation of the Neo-Tethyan oceanic lithosphere subduction, the retreat of the subduction zone, and the creation of a fore-arc basin with strong hyperextension in a new cycle.