Structural evolution of the Tuscan Nappe in the southeastern sector of the Apuan Alps metamorphic dome (Northern Apennines,Italy)

Structural analysis carried out in the Tuscan Nappe (TN) in the southeastern sector of the Apuan Alps highlights a structural evolution much more complex than that proposed so far. The TN has been deformed by structures developed during four deformation phases. The three early phases resulted from a compressive tectonic regime linked to the construction of the Apenninic fold‐and‐thrust‐belt. The fourth phase, instead, is connected with the extensional tectonics, probably related to the collapse of the belt and/or to the opening of the Tyrrhenian Sea. Our structural and field data suggest the following. (1) The first phase is linked to the main crustal shortening and deformation of the Tuscan Nappe in the internal sectors of the belt. (2) The second deformation phase is responsible for the prominent NW–SE‐trending folds recognized in the study area (Mt. Pescaglino and Pescaglia antiforms and Mt. Piglione and Mt. Prana synforms). (3) The direction of shortening related to the third phase is parallel to the main structural trend of the belt. (4) The interference between the third folding phase and the earlier two tectonic phases could be related to the development of the metamorphic domes. The two directions of horizontal shortening induced buckling and vertical growth of the metamorphic domes, enhancing the process of exhumation of the metamorphic rocks. (5) The exhumation of the Tuscan Nappe occurred mostly in a compressive tectonic setting. A new model for the exhumation of the metamorphic dome of the Apuan Alps is proposed. Its tectonic evolution does not fit with the previously suggested core complex model, but is due to compressive tectonics. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

变质岩区褶皱构造恢复的方法与实践--以新疆北山高尖地区为例

强烈变形变质地区，构造置换往往导致层理或褶皱变形面消失，从而造成大褶皱形态确定的困难性，采用微片石法、无根褶皱法，构造透镜体法，脉体褶皱法等新方法恢复大褶皱，可以取得良好效果，新疆北山高尖地区石炭系石板山组由于强烈变形变质，区域褶皱不显，为常规方法难以识别的隐性褶皱，曾认为是单斜地层，在区调填图基础上，综合运用上述方法，相互印证，成功恢复了该区一系列近东西向，长达数十千米的紧闭等斜褶皱。     

断层调整与控制作用下的叠加构造变形:以贵州地区燕山期构造为例

褶皱叠加方式与其形成的构造现象极为复杂。常见3种叠加方式为共轴叠加、横跨叠加和斜跨叠加。如果地质体均一,断层不发育,即会形成理想型叠加褶皱的构造样式。如果发育区域性大型断层,在不同方向的区域应力场作用下,加上地质体的不均一,就会在不同的区块内形成更为复杂的叠加褶皱与构造组合。贵州境内自古生代-中生代先后发育了5条切割基底的区域性断裂,至早中中生代,这些断层将区内切割为6个主要构造块体。在三叠纪之后的燕山构造运动期间,发生了强烈的构造叠加变形,早燕山期与晚燕山期区域应力场方向不同,使得不同区域断层的性质、位移发生变化,断层的多次活动起到了应力释放与调整作用,再加上块体地质结构的不均一性与软弱层的滑脱作用,最终在不同区块内发生了不同的褶皱叠加作用,形成了不同的褶皱构造样式与构造组合。     

黔东南隔槽式褶皱成因分析

隔槽式褶皱与隔档式褶皱构成侏罗山式褶皱。传统观点认为,侏罗山式褶皱是滑脱作用所形成,其典型实例是在刚性岩体(基底)之上有一层软弱岩层,在软弱层之上的岩层发生“台布式”滑动而形成隔档隔槽式褶皱。黔东南地区隔槽式褶皱实地调查发现：（1）隔槽式向斜核部的地层比两翼和背斜核部的地层厚;（2）沿隔槽式向斜核部发育多期次活动的纵向断层,断层走向与褶皱枢纽一致;（3）背斜产状平缓变形弱而向斜产状急变变形强,背斜与向斜相间出露构成典型的强弱应变域,复杂变形发生在向斜核部。在湘黔交界处的寒武系内发育了典型的露头尺度隔槽式褶皱。通过隔槽式褶皱的露头尺度解析与宏观变形分析,认为黔东南隔槽式褶皱的形成受多期活动的断层控制,早期沉积阶段的正断层,控制了隔槽式褶皱紧闭向斜的发育位置,构造反转之后,先期断层是应力集中区,正断层转为平移或逆冲断层,在隔槽式褶皱向斜核部发育复杂变形。其次,正断层对隔槽式褶皱发育与逆断层对断弯褶皱发育的控制不同,前者断层发育早,后者断层发育晚。     

The structural evolution of sheath folds: A case study from Cap de Creus

It has long been recognised that within zones of intense non-coaxial deformation, fold hinges may rotate progressively towards the transport direction ultimately resulting in highly curvilinear sheath folds. However, there is a surprising lack of detailed and systematic field analysis of such “evolving” sheath folds. This case study therefore focuses on the sequential development of cm-scale curvilinear folds in the greenschist-facies El Llimac shear zone, Cap de Creus, Spain. This simple shear-dominated dextral shear zone displays superb three dimensional exposures of sheath folds defined by mylonitic quartz bands within phyllonite. Increasing amounts of fold hinge curvature (δ) are marked by hinge segments rotating into sub-parallelism with the mineral lineation (Lm), whilst the acute angle between the axial-planar hinge girdle and foliation (ω) also displays a sequential reduction. Although Lm bisects the noses of sheath folds, it is also clearly folded and wrapped-around the sheath hinges. Lm typically preserves a larger angle (θ) with the fold hinge on the lower limb (L) compared to the upper (U) limb (θL > θU), suggesting that Lm failed to achieve a steady orientation on the lower limb. Adjacent sheath fold hinges forming fold pairs may display the same sense of hinge arcing to define synthetic curvature, or alternatively opposing directions of antithetic curvature. Such patterns reflect original buckle fold geometries coupled with the direction of shearing. The ratio of long/short fold limbs decreases with increasing hinge curvilinearity, indicating sheath folds developed via stretching of the short limb, rather than migrating or rolling hinge models. This study unequivocally demonstrates that both hinges of fold pairs become curvilinear with sheaths closing in the transport direction recording greater hinge-line curvilinearity compared to adjacent return hinges. This may provide a useful guide to bulk shear sense.     

断层相关褶皱解释之平衡剖面技术

从实际问题出发,扼要阐述了平衡剖面技术的基本概念,并结合实例着重探讨了其应用研究.在介绍了与平衡剖面有关的基本概念的基础上,总结平衡剖面技术的研究流程和平衡剖面结果的评价标准,结合缅甸区块实际资料深入探讨其在断层相关褶皱构造模式建立和检验调整地震解释以及在恢复挤压构造发育史方面的应用情况,显示了其在缅甸区块叠瓦状断层转折褶皱的良好应用效果,并获得剖面的水平延展量,同时也认识到许多潜在的客观问题,有待进一步探索.     

Thrust-breakthrough of asymmetric anticlines: Observational constraints from surveys in the Brooks Range,Alaska

To gain insights into the processes governing the thrust-truncation of anticlines, we conducted a field study of the thrust-truncated folds in the remote Brooks Range of northern Alaska, where there is a transition in fold style from symmetric detachment folds to thrust-truncated asymmetric folds. In order to document the detailed geometry of the km-scale folds exposed in cliff-forming, largely inaccessible outcrops, a new surveying technique was developed that combines data from a theodolite and laser range finder. The field observations, survey profiles, and cross section reconstructions, indicate that late-stage thrust breakthrough of the anticlines within the mechanically competent Lisburne Group carbonates accommodated continued shortening when other mechanisms became unfeasible, including fold tightening, forelimb rotation, and parasitic folding in the anticline forelimbs. These results provide constraints on the processes that govern the transition from buckle folding to thrust truncation in fold-and-thrust belts worldwide.     

褶皱的地震波反射响应及其大陆地壳构造地质意义

褶皱是挤压造山带中最普遍的地质构造,但是为什么在地震反射剖面上却极少呈现褶皱呢?本文从一个构造地质学者的角度出发,数值模拟了几种常见褶皱构造的地震波反射响应。结果表明,传统的反射地震技术并不能正确成像闭合褶皱、斜歪或倒转褶皱及二级以上的多级复合褶皱。褶皱陡倾翼的反射消失,而褶皱转折端的反射形成一系列断断续续分布的假水平层理,这些假水平层理在下地壳中极易被错误地解释成由地壳拉张形成的水平构造层理或由底侵作用形成的水平基性岩席。笔者认为,老、中、新褶皱造山带的下地壳中大多数不连续水平反射可能是由褶皱造成的。     

均质多岩层褶皱的大变形数值模拟

利用杆件大变形力学理论,对均质多岩层在力作用下褶皱的形成过程及结果进行了数值模拟,结果表明当岩层受力两端边界条件对称时,产生的褶皱是对称的;当边界条件不对称时,产生的褶皱是不对称的,揭示了对称与不对称褶皱产生的力学成因,同时也表明,大变形力学理论在地质构造模拟方面有着良好的应用前景。     

黔东南地区褶皱构造样式及其断层突破模式

黔东南地区发育隔槽式褶皱组合和逆冲断层.通过对褶皱和地层的平面展布、断层的产状和性质以及滑脱层的分析, 结合典型地震剖面解释和平衡剖面恢复, 对黔东南地区构造特征及其成因进行了探讨.结果表明, 隔槽式褶皱的发育不仅与滑脱深度和剥蚀差异有关, 而且与逆冲断层的推覆距离、逆冲断层的产状、断坪断坡长度比、断层突破方式和多层次滑脱等方面存在着密切联系.结合区域构造演化和推覆距离的制约, 建立了黔东南地区的隔槽式褶皱构造样式的几何学和运动学模型, 确定其主要影响因素是断坪断坡长度比较小、多种方式断层突破和多层次滑脱.