Research and exploration progress on lithium deposits in China

Since 2012, some advances have been made through the resource investigation, metallogenesis research, and comprehensive utilizing of lithium deposits in China. Firstly, the progress of lithium exploration has been made in Sichuan, Xinjiang, Qinghai and Jiangxi provinces (autonomous region). Li deposits are not only found within the pegmatite rocks but also within the granitic rocks and sedimentary rocks. Secondly, the methods of geological survey, geochemical and geophysical exploration, remote sensing technology and even drilling technology have been improved, which can be delineating orebodies quickly. Thirdly, the mechanisms of Li mineralization were summarized by analyzing the relationship between the Li contents and kinds of geological phenomena. Based on practice, a new understanding of “multi-cycle, deep circulation, integration of internal and external” metallogenic mechanism or “MDIE” metallogenic mechanism for short has been put forwarded further in this paper, and the “five levels + basement” exploration model has been successfully expanded to guide the prospecting work both in the Jiajika and Keeryin pegmatite ore fields in western Sichuan Province. Besides, new progress has been made in the aspect of amblygonite deposits of granite-type and hydrothermal type in the Mufushan-Jiuling ore district, which points out a new direction for prospecting new types of lithium deposits in China.     

新疆阿尔泰沙依肯布拉克铍矿区片麻状花岗闪长岩年代学、地球化学及其意义

沙依肯布拉克片麻状花岗闪长岩出露于中阿尔泰,为铍矿化伟晶岩的直接围岩,是研究其与稀有金属矿化关系、区域构造环境和中阿尔泰是否存在古老基底的理想对象。本文采用LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年法,获得其加权平均年龄为405.6±3.9Ma,属早泥盆世,明显早于阿尔泰稀有金属成矿高峰期。岩石具有高硅(SiO2=73.8%~74.7%)、富铝(Al2O3=13.3%~14.6%)、相对富钠(Na2O/K2O=1.28~3.13)的特点,A/CNK和A/NK值均大于1,属低钾钙碱性过铝质-强过铝质花岗岩。微量元素表现出Ba、Sr、P、Nb、Ti、Ce的负异常和Rb、Th、Ta、Pb、Nd、Sm、Hf的相对正异常,稀土元素显示轻稀土弱富集、重稀土平缓及较弱的负Eu异常(δEu=0.70~0.82)。岩石的εNd(t)和二阶段Nd模式年龄较为均一,分别为-1.76^-1.22和1.19~1.21Ga。综合以上地球化学特征,结合区域构造-演化,本文认为中阿尔泰存在古老基底,沙依肯布拉克花岗闪长岩可能来源于中元古代地壳物质在早泥盆世俯冲消减环境下的部分熔融,在形成过程中混入了部分幔源物质。     

下刚果盆地白垩系盐筏物理模拟研究

被动陆边边缘含盐盆地广泛发育的盐筏是一种重力滑脱作用下的极端薄皮伸展形成的构造样式,对于盆地后裂谷期的演化都有着重要的影响。基于物理模拟,除去考虑常规的盐层厚度、基底倾角、前构造沉积层厚度等单因素的影响之外,研究着重基底倾角与同沉积速率的组合影响,同时注重初始模型的设置与实际地质条件的吻合,使模拟结果更有意义。实验结果表明,触发下刚果盆地白垩系盐筏活动的机制为重力滑脱作用而非差异负载作用;盐筏构造最关键的控制因素为基底倾角及同沉积速率;其中基底倾角控制了盐筏形成过程中断裂的分布及筏体的滑脱速率,而同沉积速率则控制了筏体之间沉积填充的样式,两者相对速度的快慢控制了盐筏的构造样式,下刚果盆地白垩系盐筏构造是沉积速率相对较快条件控制的结果。     

柴达木和欧龙布鲁克陆块基底的组成和变质作用及中国中西部古大陆演化关系初探

中国西部的柴达木陆块和欧龙布鲁克陆块的基底岩系虽然在地球化学上与扬子陆块具有亲缘性,但它们之间的组成和变质作用历史却显著不同。欧龙布鲁克陆块下部基底德令哈杂岩和达肯大坂岩群于~1.95Ga发生了角闪岩相-麻粒岩相区域变质作用并克拉通化,响应了全球Columbia超大陆汇聚事件;随后又与中元古代万洞沟岩群一道于~1.0Ga发生绿片岩相变质作用,共同响应了全球Rodinia超大陆汇聚事件;新元古代中晚期裂解后于中奥陶纪受原特提斯洋关闭影响而隆起。柴达木陆块基底主体由中元古代金水口岩群白沙河岩组(柴南缘)和沙柳河岩群乌龙滩岩组(柴北缘)组成,以S-型花岗岩的侵入活动和相应的变质作用响应了全球Rodinia超大陆汇聚事件。晚泛非期(520~480Ma)柴达木陆块与冈瓦纳主大陆俯冲碰撞,发生中压角闪岩相-麻粒岩相和高压超高压变质作用,经短暂拼贴后很快进入到原特提斯洋域,随460~420Ma的大洋关闭而发生变质叠加。区域对比表明,在基底组成和地壳演化史上,欧龙布鲁克陆块与阿拉善陆块和塔里木陆块(包括扬子陆块)相似,柴达木陆块则与北秦岭陆块以及祁连陆块相似,因而分属两个陆块群。塔—欧陆块群记录的~500Ma热事件与塔—欧和柴—秦陆块群共同记录的~450Ma热事件是两个性质不同的构造热事件。     

松辽盆地南部北带基底岩浆岩SHRIMP锆石U-Pb年龄及其地质意义

采用高分辨率二次离子探针(SHRIMPⅡ)定年技术对松辽盆地南部北带两件岩浆岩样品进行了详细分析,结果表明:蚀变安山岩的形成年龄为(368±7)Ma;而二长花岗岩的岩浆侵入年龄为(331±8)Ma.松辽盆地南部基底至少由两期组成:早前寒武纪[(1 839±7)Ma]变质结晶基底和晚古生代火山岩及同期侵入岩基底.认为研究区北带可能不存在大规模的前寒武纪结晶基底.     

Pre-Caledonian basement in Ireland and its cover relationships

Pre-Caledonian basement is exposed in three areas within the Irish orthotectonic Caledonides: 1. In northwest County Mayo the Erris Complex comprises the Annagh Division, which is largely Grenvillian but includes older gneisses, and the Inishkea Division, which is probably equivalent to the older Moines of Scotland. 2. In the northeast Ox Mountains, Rosses Point and Lough Derg inliers there is a granulite fades, dominantly metasedimentary basement which is probably late Grenville in age. 3. Laxfordian and probably older gneisses are seen in the Inishtrahull Platform northeast of Malin Head, County Donegal. In addition, some gneisses within the belt of ‘Connemara migmatites’ in south Connemara may be fragments of allochthonous basement and some high grade metamorphic rocks in the Tyrone Central inlier have been referred to as pre-Caledonian basement, but there is at present no conclusive support for these suggestions. The Ox Mountains succession seen in the Clew Bay region and the southwest and central Ox Mountains is probably not pre-Caledonian basement. Basement in the paratectonic Caledonides is confined to the Cadomian and possibly pre-Cadomian Rosslare Complex (older than 625 Ma) and the nearby late Precambrian (to early Cambrian ?) Cuilenstown Formation in southeast County Wexford. In addition, an unseen block of basement defined by magnetics immediately to the north of the Dingle peninsula of County Kerry is probably of Rosslare Complex affinity. Granulite facies xenoiiths recovered from volcanic rocks of Carboniferous age about 70 km to the west of Dublin, indicate the character of basement there, though its age is not proven. All contacts between basement and Lower Palaeozoic Caledonian cover in the orthotectonic Caledonides are synmetamorphic slide zones and faults and in the paratectonic Caledonides the contacts are either faults, which are often rooted in older mylonites, or are unexposed and presumed to be major structural breaks.     

The basement geology of Japan from A to Z

The Precambrian and lower Paleozoic units of the Japanese basement such as the Hida Oki and South Kitakami terranes have geological affinities with the eastern Asia continent and particularly strong correlation with units of the South China block. There are also indications from units such as the Hitachi metamorphics of the Abukuma terrane and blocks in the Maizuru terrane that some material may have been derived from the North China block. In addition to magmatism, the Japanese region has seen substantial growth due to tectonic accretion. The accreted units dominantly consist of mudstone and sandstone derived from the continental margin with lesser amounts of basaltic rocks associated with siliceous deep ocean sediments and local limestone. Two main phases of accretionary activity and related metamorphism are recorded in the Jurassic Mino–Tanba–Ashio, Chichibu, and North Kitakami terranes and in the Cretaceous to Neogene Shimanto and Sanbagawa terranes. Other accreted material includes ophiolitic sequences, e.g. the Yakuno ophiolite of the Maizuru terrane, the Oeyama ophiolite of the Sangun terrane, and the Hayachine–Miyamori ophiolite of the South Kitakami terrane, and limestone‐capped ocean plateaus such as the Akiyoshi terrane. The ophiolitic units are likely derived from arc and back‐arc basin settings. There has been no continental collision in Japan, meaning the oceanic subduction record is more complete than in convergent orogens seen in intracontinental settings making this a good place to study the geological record of accretion. Hokkaido lacks most of the Paleozoic history recognized in Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, and the Ryukyu Islands to the south and its geology reflects the Cenozoic development of two convergent domains with volcanic arcs, their approach, and eventual collision. The Hidaka terrane reveals a cross section through a volcanic arc and the main accretionary complex of the convergent system is represented by the Sorachi–Yezo terrane.     

拼合的准噶尔盆地基底: 基底火山岩Sr-Nd同位素证据

在详细岩相学、主元素和微量元素研究基础上, 报道了准噶尔盆地基底不同区块火山岩的Sr-Nd同位素和锆石颗粒年龄研究成果, 结合盆地周缘造山带古生代构造史、古生物、沉积建造、火山岩、侵入岩的综合研究成果, 表明准噶尔盆地基底可能由分属哈萨克斯坦板块、塔里木板块(?) 和西伯利亚板块刚性体外围的岛弧体系经构造软碰撞拼合而成, 它们又经历了块体拼合后的构造-岩浆热事件(如基性岩浆底侵作用) 的进一步改造和影响.      

华南扬子与华夏陆块古-中元古代基底地壳微量元素地球化学示踪探讨

从早期宙以垂向分异增长为主的思路出发,将华南扬子陆块和华夏陆块变质基底中相似岩类（陆源碎屑岩、变基性火山岩夹层和晋宁期花岗岩类）作为研究对象,选择了相容性接近的７对元素（Ｒｂ／Ｃｓ、Ｓｒ／Ｂａ、Ｔｈ／Ｕ、Ｎｂ／Ｔａ、Ｚｒ／Ｈｆ、Ｐｄ／Ｐｔ和Ｃｒ／Ｎｉ）作为示踪手段,对华南大陆古－中元古代基底的物源特征和后期演化进行了探讨,得出了几点初步认识：（１）扬子、华夏两陆块前元古宙“原始”地壳具有相近的物质     

桩孔基底浅震探测和抗干扰技术分析及应用

结合桩孔基底浅震探测工程实践,分析了反射波法探测工作的特点,探讨了不同类型干扰波的特征及抗干扰措施的应用,通过实例说明了这些方法技术的有效性。