Separation method for multi-source blended seismic data

Multi-source seismic technology is an efficient seismic acquisition method that requires a group of blended seismic data to be separated into single-source seismic data for subsequent processing. The separation of blended seismic data is a linear inverse problem. According to the relationship between the shooting number and the simultaneous source number of the acquisition system, this separation of blended seismic data is divided into an easily determined or overdetermined linear inverse problem and an underdetermined linear inverse problem that is difficult to solve. For the latter, this paper presents an optimization method that imposes the sparsity constraint on wavefields to construct the object function of inversion, and the problem is solved by using the iterative thresholding method. For the most extremely underdetermined separation problem with single-shooting and multiple sources, this paper presents a method of pseudo-deblending with random noise filtering. In this method, approximate common shot gathers are received through the pseudo-deblending process, and the random noises that appear when the approximate common shot gathers are sorted into common receiver gathers are eliminated through filtering methods. The separation methods proposed in this paper are applied to three types of numerical simulation data, including pure data without noise, data with random noise, and data with linear regular noise to obtain satisfactory results. The noise suppression effects of these methods are sufficient, particularly with single-shooting blended seismic data, which verifies the effectiveness of the proposed methods.     

A comparison of techniques for hydrograph recession analysis

A comparison between commonly used techniques for hydrograph recession analysis, namely the semi‐logarithmic plot of a single recession segment, the master recession and a relatively new approach based on wavelet transform was carried out. These methods were applied to a number of flood hydrograph events of two catchments in West Java, Indonesia. The results show that all the methods tested produce reasonable and comparable results. However, problems arise in the semi‐logarithmic plot and the master recession, i.e. determining the recession parameter K is not an easy task especially where the plotted data on a semi‐logarithmic plot is not a linear but a curved line. On a curved line, the end of direct flow or starting point of baseflow is not clear and it is quite difficult to identify. Hence, the best line as a basis for computing the recession parameter K becomes uncertain. The wavelet transform approach, however, produces promising results and minimizes a number of problems associated with hydrograph recession analysis. The end of direct flow and the location of the baseflow component are easily determined through the wavelet maps. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Study on preventing frost heave methods for highway foundation in seasonal frozen area

In order to resolve the frost-heave problem of highway foundation,firstly,the author discussed the law to frost heave of highway roadbed and gave an analysis on its influencing factors,such as soil,water and temperature.Meanwhile,sand clay and silt are given a classification according to frost heave ratio.Secondly,the roadbed frozen damage shows to frost heave and froze boiling based on the frost heave law and its influencing factors.In addition,taking some highway as an example and some principle suggestion was given through the theory on providing frostbite methods for highway foundation frost heave in seasonal frozen area.Specially,an effective method,STYROFOAM extruded polystyrene foam was introduced.     

Quantifying hydrological budgets and pathways in a small upland catchment using a combined modelling and tracer approach

Hydrological budgets and flow pathways have been quantified for a small upland catchment (1.76 km²) in the northeast of Scotland. Water balance calculations for four subcatchments identified spatial variability within the catchment, with an estimated runoff enhancement of up to 25% for the upper western area, compared with the rest of the catchment. Data from spatial hydrochemical sampling, over a range of flow conditions, were used to identify the principal hillslope runoff mechanisms within the catchment. A hydrochemical mixing analysis revealed that runoff emerging from springs in various locations of the hillslope accounted for a significant proportion of flow in the streams, even during storm events. A hydrological model of the catchment was calibrated using the calculated stream flows for four locations, together with results from the mixing analysis for different time points. The calibrated model was used to predict the temporal variability in contributions to stream flow from the hillslope springs and soil water flows. The overall split ranged from 57%:43% spring water:soil water in the upper eastern subcatchment, to 76%:24% in the upper western subcatchment. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Assessing regional land‐use/cover influences on New Jersey Pinelands streamflow through hydrograph analysis

Relative baseflow volume and streamflow flashiness indices were used to assess relationships between land use/cover and streamflow regime in nine New Jersey (NJ) Pinelands streams. Baseflow index (BFI) and Richards–Baker flashiness index (RBI) were estimated on an October–September water year, with period‐of‐record changes assessed by trend analysis and differences between watersheds assessed by examining index versus land‐use/cover relationships using a data period common to all study sites. Four streams, among the more urbanized watersheds of the nine study sites, were found to have significant (α = 0·05) trends in both indices. The two most urbanized study sites showed decreasing baseflow and increasing flashiness; however, the other two streams showed the opposite trends. An apparent slowdown in urbanization towards the second half of the streamflow period of record, along with potential changes in wetland agricultural practices in the latter two watersheds, may explain their trend results. A marginally significant (α = 0·10) decreasing relationship was found between mean annual BFI and wetland agriculture, whereas a significant (α = 0·05) increasing relationship was determined between mean annual RBI and artificial lakes/reservoirs. Principal component analysis showed an association between wetland agriculture and artificial lakes/reservoirs which suggested that both of the significant index versus land‐use/cover relationships reflect wetland agricultural activities. Because these significant relationships involved land uses/covers with small spatial extents (?5%), they demonstrated that land‐use practices can have a greater impact than spatial extent on stream hydrology. This study is the first step in assessing the effect on the NJ Pinelands stream ecology by streamflow alteration due to wetland agricultural activities. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

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Comparing groundwater recharge and base flow in the Bukmoongol small-forested watershed,Korea

Groundwater recharge and base flow using different investigated methods are simulated in the 15-ha Bukmoongol small-forested watershed located at the southern part of Korea. The WHAT system, PART, RORA, PULSE, BFI, and RAP software are used to estimate groundwater recharge or base flow and base flow index from the measured streamflow. Results show that about 15–31 per cent of annual rainfall might be contributed for base flow. The watershed groundwater recharge proportions are computed to about 10–21 per cent during the wet period and 23–32 per cent for the remainder periods. Mean annual base flow indices vary from 0.25 to 0.76 estimated using different methods. However, the study found out that all methods were significantly correlated with each other. The similarity of various methods is expressed as a weighted relationship provided by the matrix product from the principal component analysis. Overall, the BFI and WHAT software appeared consistent in estimating recharge or base flow, and base flow index under Korea’s conditions. The case study recommends the application of different models to other watersheds as well as in low-lying areas where most observation groundwater wells are located with available streamflow data.     

叠前弹性波逆时深度偏移及波场分离技术探讨

这里探讨了Sun和McMechan提出的叠前弹性波标量逆时深度偏移方法,即在地表附近,对地表接收到的弹性波波场分量进行波场逆时延拓,然后分别对在波场延拓过程中通过波场分离得到的纯纵、横波反射波场进行偏移。在模型中,每个网格点的纵、横波成像时间,为震源到该网格点的纵波初至时间。利用纵波速度模型和声波传播方程的有限差分解,对反射纵波进行逆时延拓和成像,利用横波速度模型和声波传播方程的有限差分解,对转换横波进行逆时延拓和成像,并在偏移前进行极性校正。然后,在Sun和McMechan偏移成像方法的基础上,提出了直接偏移成像方法,即对地表接收到的弹性波波场分量在整个模型范围内进行波场逆时延拓。在波场延拓过程中,对符合成像条件的网格点进行波场分离、偏移成像和转换波极性校正。最后,通过数值模拟对二种偏移成像方法的结果进行了比较。     

黄河源区基流量的变化规律及影响因素

选用改进的加里宁方法计算出源区的基流量,利用小波变换、小系数方差等方法分析了1955—1999年基流量周期变化规律,同时利用显著周期振幅的不稳定性,计算同周期基流量与气象要素的小波系数的相关系数,判定了基流量变化趋势及显著周期的气象成因,确定了三次断流的原因。计算结果表明:源区基流量存在一个强趋势项、7~8a与3~4a两个显著周期。强趋势项决定了基流量的总体变化规律。受其影响,20世纪50年代以来,源区基流量呈现枯—丰—枯的变化规律。强趋势项与两个显著周期的叠加是基流丰枯变化的本质,是历史上三次断流的根本原因。计算结果还表明,基流量的强趋势项为气温所致,两个显著周期为降水所致。源区植被覆盖率与基流指数成负相关关系,当植被覆盖率增加20%时,基流指数将减少10%以上。     

连续重力观测资料同震信号的一种分离方法

采用正则化平滑因子方法,对重力台站连续观测资料进行处理和讨论,尝试分离同震信号。结果表明,该方法可以有效地分离并获取同震重力效应和地震波信号,且估算的同震重力效应与理论模拟有较好的一致性,可为快速反演地震参数及地震预警提供更多的约束条件。