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1.
Water is a dominant component of volcanic clouds and has fundamental control on very fine particle deposition. Particle size characteristics of distal tephra-fall (100s km from source volcano) have a higher proportion of very fine particles compared to predictions based on single particle settling rates. In this study, sedimentological analyses of fallout from for the 18 August and 16–17 September 1992 eruptions of Crater Peak, Alaska, are combined with satellite observations, and cloud trajectory and microphysics modeling to investigate meteorological influences on particle sedimentation. Total grain size distributions of tephra fallout were reconstructed for both Crater Peak eruptions and indicate a predominance of fine particles < 125 μm. Polymodal analysis of the deposits has identified a particle subpopulation with mode ~ 15–18 μm involved in particle aggregation. Accounting for the magmatic water source only, calculated ice water content of the 3.7 hour old September 1992 Spurr cloud was ~ 4.5 × 10− 2 g m− 3 (based on an estimated cloud thickness of ~ 1000 m from trajectory modeling). Hydrometeor formation on particles in the volcanic cloud and subsequent sublimation may induce a cloud base instability that leads to rapid bulk (en masse) sedimentation of very fine particles through a mammatus-like mechanism. 相似文献
2.
镁资源研究与开发述评之一──镁水泥的研究与盐湖的开发 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
简单概括了镁资源研究开发的状况,评述镁水泥研究的主要理论成果。指出以镁水泥为途径开发盐湖资源的重要性。同时表述了镁水泥研究领域的最新动态,指出当前镁水泥研究需要考虑的几个重大问题。 相似文献
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Our understanding on how ash particles in volcanic plumes react with coexisting gases and aerosols is still rudimentary, despite the importance of these reactions in influencing the chemistry and dynamics of a plume. In this study, six samples of fine ash (<100 m) from different volcanoes were measured for their specific surface area, as, porosity and water adsorption properties with the aim to provide insights into the capacity of silicate ash particles to react with gases, including water vapour. To do so, we performed high-resolution nitrogen and water vapour adsorption/desorption experiments at 77 K and 303 K, respectively. The nitrogen data indicated as values in the range 1.1–2.1 m2/g, except in one case where a as of 10 m2/g was measured. This high value is attributed to incorporation of hydrothermal phases, such as clay minerals, in the ash surface composition. The data also revealed that the ash samples are essentially non-porous, or have a porosity dominated by macropores with widths >500 Å. All the specimens had similar pore size distributions, with a small peak centered around 50 Å. These findings suggest that fine ash particles have relatively undifferentiated surface textures, irrespective of the chemical composition and eruption type. Adsorption isotherms for water vapour revealed that the capacity of the ash samples for water adsorption is systematically larger than predicted from the nitrogen adsorption as values. Enhanced reactivity of the ash surface towards water may result from (i) hydration of bulk ash constituents; (ii) hydration of surface compounds; and/or (iii) hydroxylation of the surface of the ash. The later mechanism may lead to irreversible retention of water. Based on these experiments, we predict that volcanic ash is covered by a complete monolayer of water under ambient atmospheric conditions. In addition, capillary condensation within ash pores should allow for deposition of condensed water on to ash particles before water reaches saturation in the plume. The total mass of water vapour retained by 1 g of fine ash at 0.95 relative water vapour pressure is calculated to be ~10–2 g. Some volcanic implications of this study are discussed.Editorial responsibility: J. Gilbert 相似文献
5.
Ben J. Williamson Claire J. Horwell 《中国地球化学学报》2006,25(B08):224-225
A link between the inhalation of respirable silicas (SiO2) and respiratory diseases such as silicosis is widely recognized. Ash from dome collapse eruptions on Montserrat has been found to contain high levels (〉20%) of silicas in the form of cristobalite, tridymite, quartz and/or amorphous silica. The toxicity of these silica polymorphs varies widely. Cristobalite and quartz (tridymite less well established) are viewed as carcinogenic to humans whereas amorphous silica generally shows a reduced biological response. In assessing the potential health effects of volcanic ash particulates it is vital to determine the types and concentration of silicas as well as their size (respirable fraction), shape and surface properties. The aim of this study is to develop methods to assess potentially toxic respirable airborne silicas in the dome collapse ash (applicable to a range of ash types) and to develop a model to predict the levels and types of respirable silicas from future eruptions. The model is being developed by comparing dome rock with related ash from a series of previous eruption events. Mineralogical assessment using conventional scanning X-ray diffraction (XRD) was hampered by difficulties in differentiating characteristic peaks for cristobalite and tridymite in complex multi-component ash samples (containing high levels of plagioclase). These difficulties have been largely overcome using an Enraf-Nonius PDS120 diffractometer with curved (120 degrees 20) position sensitive detector (PSD). The determination of size, shape and elemental characteristics of ash particulate and dome rock samples has been carried out using automated analytical scanning electron microscopy. The quantification of mineral proportions using PSD-XRD was highly successful with an accuracy of 1 to 2 wt%. However, the determination of phase proportions using automated analytical SEM was problematic due to scattering effects and the multiphase nature of many of the particles. 相似文献
6.
随着地下空间工程的不断发展,超深地下连续墙的应用越来越多,施工的风险也越来越高。结合工程实践,对超深地下连续墙施工方法及施工中存在的若干问题进行探讨、分析,并提出相对应的解决措施。通过采用先进合理的解决措施,超深地下连续墙的施工是完全能达到设计要求的。 相似文献
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以粉煤灰为主要原料, CaF2为矿化剂,设计MG和MS值,控制CaO和CaSO4含量,分别在1 150、1 200、1 250、1 300和1 350℃温度下烧制高胶凝性硫铝酸钙-阿利特复合矿相水泥熟料.运用X射线粉晶衍射(XRD)和扫描电镜(SEM)等手段,研究原料配方和煅烧温度对熟料物相组成的影响,对熟料物相形成的反应历程作了探讨.实验结果表明,在1-300℃,当MG=1.05、MS =0.95时,形成较理想的熟料,物相组成约为C4A3-S 58.73%,C3S 23.99%,C2S 2.87%,C11A7·CaF2/C12A7 14.07 %,f-CaO 0.35%.熟料中主要物相硫铝酸钙晶体呈菱形十二面体,发育完整,形态规则,颗粒大小约为1~3 μm;阿利特(C3S)相物相为板状六角形,晶体发育相对细小. 相似文献
9.
水泥浆护壁堵漏若干问题的探讨 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
水泥浆护壁堵漏是目前钻探施工中广泛应用的技术措施之一。在水泥浆护壁堵漏施工中,因各种原因致堵漏失败,根据水泥浆护壁堵漏失败的原因,从灌注工艺方面探讨提高水泥浆护壁堵漏的效果和预防孔内事故的发生应特别注意的若干问题。 相似文献