Relationship of chemical fractions of heavy metals with microbial and enzyme activities in sludge and ash-amended acid lateritic soil from India

The influence of metals, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn, on the microbial biomass and enzyme activities of an amended acid lateritic soil were investigated under field conditions receiving a one-time application of 52 t ha^–1 of sludge, coal ash and their mixtures at 1:3, 1:1 and 3:1 proportions, and including control and chemical fertilizer treatment at crop-specific recommended doses. Paddies and peanuts were grown in the experimental plots and soil was sampled twice after 6 months and 1 year after amendment application. The heavy metals in the soil were fractionated using sequential extraction and the increments in their concentrations in amended soil with respect to the control were determined. Concentrations of Cd, Ni and Zn were determined to have increased in their mobile fractions and were more pronounced in soil collected during the second sampling, which was associated with a decrease in soil organic carbon. The size of the microbial biomass carbon and the soil enzyme activities increased with the addition of an amendment and was highest at equal proportions of coal ash and sludge. Further increase in the proportion of sludge resulted in a significant decrease in biomass carbon. Simple correlation revealed significant and strong negative relations of mobile fractions of Cd and Ni with the ratio between microbial biomass C and organic carbon in soil, while the organic carbon content and the pH were positively correlated. The microbial activities were determined to be sensitive to the concentrations of some heavy metals in mobile fractions and therefore indicated possibilities of being useful as indicators for evaluation of toxic effects of sludge-borne metals on soil organisms.     

利用粉煤灰制备新型可承重轻质墙体材料的实验研究

以粉煤灰为主要原料,石灰、水玻璃、NaOH、石膏为辅料,经湿法球磨、坯体成型、蒸压养护（192℃,1．3MPa,9h）制备新型墙体材料。研究表明,制品的体积密度为1．14±0．02g／cm^3,导热系数约0．12W／（m·K）,饱水抗压强度达13．11～15．42MPa,含水率和吸水率分别为19．84±0．06％和44．42±0．23％。以制品的抗压强度为指标,得到优化配料组成为：粉煤灰73％,石灰12％,石膏3％,水玻璃10％,NaOH2％,固液质量比为2．0。XRD分析结果表明,制品中的结晶相主要为莫来石和托贝莫来石。制品抗压强度优于普通粘土砖MU10的标准要求,体积密度减小1／3,绝热性能明显改善,可作为实心粘土砖的良好替代材料。     

极软岩巷道锚注加固注浆材料研究与应用

锚注加固是一种理想的改善软岩巷道的围岩承载性能的措施。在实验室对粉煤灰-水泥锚注加固注浆材料的流动性、析水性及抗压强度进行了试验研究,找出了注浆材料的适宜配比,即粉煤灰掺量在20 %以下,水灰比为0.65～0.70,并在新集三矿极软岩巷道修复加固中进行了应用。     

Geomorphic and climatic change over the past 12,900 yr at Swiftcurrent Lake, Glacier National Park, Montana, USA

Glaciated alpine landscapes are sensitive to changes in climate. Shifts in temperature and precipitation can cause significant changes to glacier size and terminus position, the production and delivery of organic mass, and in the hydrologic energy related to the transport of water and sediment through proglacial environments. A sediment core representing a 12,900-yr record collected from Swiftcurrent Lake, located on the eastern side of Glacier National Park, Montana, was analyzed to assess variability in Holocene and latest Pleistocene environment. The spectral signature of total organic carbon content (%TOC) since ~ 7.6 ka matches that of solar forcing over 70-500 yr timescales. Periodic inputs of dolomite to the lake reflect an increased footprint of Grinnell Glacier, and occur during periods when sediment sinks are reduced, glacial erosion is increased, and hydrologic energy is increased. Grain size, carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratios, and %TOC broadly define the termination of the Younger Dryas chronozone at Swiftcurrent Lake, as well as major Holocene climate transitions. Variability in core parameters is linked to other records of temperature and aridity in the northern Rocky Mountains over the late Pleistocene and Holocene.     

淮南煤田8煤层中黄铁矿的特征研究及成因分析

借助光学显微镜和扫描电镜（SEM）揭示了淮南四个井田8煤层中黄铁矿的显微和亚微结构特征。煤层中黄铁矿的形态主要有莓球状、团块状、结核状及解理裂隙充填状。通过此次研究发现在属低硫煤的淮南煤田中,顾桥井田的黄铁矿含量偏高。结合酸碱指数（AAI）、盐度指数（SI）和滞留指数（RI）三个灰成分指相参数判定,顾桥井田中黄铁矿含量相对较高,原因是其沼泽水体的还原性较强、盐度大及水动力条件差。莓球状和结核状黄铁矿形成的原因是粘土矿物的晶格上铁与H：S反应发育而成,而充填胞腔或者沉积裂隙的黄铁矿,大多是因局部强还原微环境所致。     

Utility of trace elements in apatite for discrimination and correlation of Quaternary ignimbrites and co-ignimbrite ashes,Japan

Apatite is a common accessory mineral in intermediate and felsic igneous rocks. Because apatite has a wide range of trace-element compositions as well as strong resistance to diagenetic alteration, the trace-element composition of apatite has been used for tracing petrogenetic processes of plutonic bodies as well as the tephrochronology of Paleozoic tephras. However, it has been little used in Quaternary volcaniclastic deposits. Our studies of apatite trace-element compositions in representative Quaternary ignimbrites and their corresponding co-ignimbrite ashes in Japan demonstrated that such compositions are not affected by welding and can be successfully used for discrimination of, and correlation between, tephras and ignimbrites. We also could distinguish different tephra deposits and ignimbrites from the same caldera. Although most apatite trace-element compositions did not change throughout the succession of ejecta from a single eruption, the Fe contents in apatite varied across stratigraphic horizons. Consequently, we were able to correlate the Fe contents of apatite phenocrysts in specific ignimbrite horizons and their corresponding co-ignimbrite ashes and thus identify the phase of the eruption during which the major part of a co-ignimbrite ash was released.     

泡塑吸附分离萃取光度法测定粉煤灰中的镓

试验了在盐酸介质中聚氨酯泡沫塑料吸附分离镓的性能,将该性能用于粉煤灰分离镓的预处理过程,罗丹明B萃取光度法定量测定镓含量。结果表明,室温条件下,在6 mol/L盐酸溶液中,聚氨酯泡沫塑料对镓有良好的吸附性能,90 m in可达吸附平衡,饱和吸附量为每克泡塑可吸附42 mg镓;被吸附的镓可用0.5 mol/L氯化铵溶液定量洗脱;用罗丹明B萃取光度法测定镓含量时,镓浓度在0~1.0μg/mL服从比尔定律,检出限为0.008 mg/L。测定粉煤灰样品中镓的含量,加标回收率在103%~107%,相对标准偏差(RSD,n=20)为1.5%,富集分离效果明显,选择性高。     

响应面法优化鱿鱼(Ommastrephes bartrami)皮胶原蛋白提取液脱色工艺

采用活性炭吸附法脱除鱿鱼(Ommastrephes bartrami)皮胶原蛋白提取液中色素,优化脱色条件,以进一步利用鱿鱼皮胶原蛋白。在确定该色素特征吸收波长为420 nm条件下,分别研究了活性炭添加量、脱色时间、溶液p H值和脱色温度对鱿鱼皮胶原蛋白液色素脱除效果影响。在单因素实验基础上,选择脱色时间30 min,进行活性炭添加量、溶液p H值、脱色温度三因素三水平BoxBehnken中心组合响应面分析试验。结果表明,活性炭吸附鱿鱼皮胶原蛋白液色素最佳条件为活性炭添加量4.2%,溶液p H值2.27,脱色温度35°C,该条件下鱿鱼皮胶原蛋白液的脱色率为45.6%,蛋白质和氨基酸损耗率分别为19.65%和22.93%。脱色后鱿鱼皮胶原蛋白的甘氨酸含量最高(136.02 mg/g,相对含量23.05%),谷氨酸、精氨酸和脯氨酸含量也较高,而半胱氨酸和蛋氨酸总量不到1%,符合水产蛋白氨基酸和I型胶原蛋白氨基酸特点。     

Electron Probe Microanalysis of Environmental Samples: Preparation of Reference Materials, Correction for Particle Size Effects and Representative Results on Sediments Recovered from Snow, Power Station Fly Ash and Bone Samples

In this paper we report the results of electron probe X-ray microanalysis (EPMA) that was used to study environmental materials. The mode of preparation and certification of reference samples based on a basaltic glass matrix for environmental applications of EPMA is described. These samples were prepared containing scandium, strontium and barium (from 0.03 up to 7% m/m) and an evaluation was made of homogeneity, their stability to local heating, followed by analysis by independent methods for certification of composition. Matrix correction procedures for the EPMA technique have been developed for particles having a size commensurable with the volume of X-ray generation. An analytical equation for the size factor is proposed and two techniques for selecting optimum conditions for the analysis of environmental samples by EPMA are reported. These procedures provided satisfactory results when utilized in analysing sediments recovered from snow, coal fly ash and the bones of animals and fish, results from which can be used as indicators for evaluating the pollution level of the lower atmosphere, surface and ground water, as well as revealing pollution mechanisms.     

The importance of grain size and shape in controlling the dispersion of the Vedde cryptotephra

Volcanic ash is dispersed in the atmosphere according to meteorology and particle properties, including size and shape. However, the multiple definitions of size and shape for non-spherical particles affect our ability to use physical particle properties to understand tephra transport. Moreover, although particles are often excluded from operational ash dispersion model setups, ash in tephra deposits 1000 km from source can exceed . Here we measure the shape and size of samples of Vedde ash from Iceland, an exceptionally widespread tephra layer in Europe, collected in Iceland and Norway. Using X-ray computed tomography and optical microscopy, we show that distal ash is more anisotropic than proximate ash, suggesting that shape exerts an important control on tephra dispersion. Shape also impacts particle size measurements. Particle long axis, a parameter often reported by tephrochronologists, is on average greater than geometric size, used by dispersion modellers. By using geometric size and quantifying shape, we can explain the transport of Vedde ash particles more than 1200 km from source. We define a set of best practices for measuring the size and shape of cryptotephra shards and discuss the benefits and limitations of using physical particle properties to understand cryptotephra transport.