准格尔地区粉煤灰中镓的浸出率影响因素研究

为了粉煤灰的高附加值综合利用,采用酸浸法对准格尔地区循环流化床粉煤灰进行了镓的浸出实验研究,考察了多种因素对镓的浸出率的影响,包括粉煤灰粒度,酸的种类与浓度、酸浸温度与时间、固液比等。结果表明,提高镓的浸出率的适宜条件为:粉煤灰粒度200目,盐酸的浓度6 mol/L,酸浸温度应大于160℃,酸浸时间6 h,液固比在5∶1~6∶1之间为宜。在优选的工艺条件下,镓的浸出率可达80%以上。从粉煤灰中提取镓,使其作为一种资源加以利用,是提高粉煤灰综合利用价值的有效途径。     

高钙粉煤灰加固促淤地基机理和性状试验研究

结合高钙粉煤灰与上海浦东国际机场工期促淤软土拌和后加固土体的室内外试验,指出高钙粉煤灰足加固促淤软土地基的一种新型材料。基于在不同掺灰量、不同游离氧化钙含量和添加不同激发剂情形下拌和灰土的室内物理力学性能试验,探讨了高钙粉煤灰加固促淤软土的固化机理和工程特性,加固后土体在无侧限抗压强度、变形、渗透特性以及抗液化能力等方面均有明显改善,指出灰土强度与掺灰量、土体改性激发剂的品种和数量以及养护龄期有关,高钙灰与土体拌和后自膨胀特性下降为12％,消除了高钙灰的体积不稳定问题。现场进行粉喷桩加固软土地基试验表明,复合软土地基的极限承载力达到240kPa以上,可以替代水泥土搅拌桩,桩间土体强度和变形也得到改善。加固场地地下水质分析表明,高钙灰加固促淤软土地基不会影响地下水质和环境。     

利用独立分量分析进行火山灰云遥感检测

火山灰云不但引起全球气候和环境系统的重大变化,而且还会威胁航空安全。热红外遥感技术为检测火山灰云提供了新手段,但是遥感数据自身的冗余和波段相关性大大降低了火山灰云的检测精度。独立分量分析(Independent Component Analysis,ICA)能够实现遥感数据的去相关和消除冗余,在火山灰云检测中具有一定的潜力。通过探索火山灰云的物理、化学性质,文中以2010年4月19日冰岛艾雅法拉(Eyjafjallajokull)火山灰云MODIS图像为数据源,在对MODIS数据进行主成分分析处理的基础上,利用ICA进行火山灰云检测。结果表明:ICA能够较好地从MODIS图像中获取火山灰云信息,所得结果与美国地质调查局标准光谱数据库和火山灰云SO2浓度分布具有较好的一致性,取得了较好的检测效果。     

Progression in sulfur isotopic compositions from coal to fly ash: Examples from single-source combustion in Indiana

Sulfur occurs in multiple mineral forms in coals, and its fate in coal combustion is still not well understood. The sulfur isotopic composition of coal from two coal mines in Indiana and fly ash from two power plants that use these coals were studied using geological and geochemical methods. The two coal beds are Middle Pennsylvanian in age; one seam is the low-sulfur (< 1%) Danville Coal Member of the Dugger Formation and the other is the high-sulfur (> 5%) Springfield Coal Member of the Petersburg Formation. Both seams have ash contents of approximately 11%. Fly-ash samples were collected at various points in the ash-collection system in the two plants. The results show notable difference in δ³⁴S for sulfur species within and between the low-sulfur and high-sulfur coal. The δ³⁴S values for all sulfur species are exclusively positive in the low-sulfur Danville coal, whereas the δ³⁴S values for sulfate, pyritic, and organic sulfur are both positive and negative in the high-sulfur Springfield coal. Each coal exhibits a distinct pattern of stratigraphic variation in sulfur isotopic composition. Overall, the δ³⁴S for sulfur species values increase up the section in the low-sulfur Danville coal, whereas they show a decrease up the vertical section in the high-sulfur Springfield coal. Based on the evolution of δ³⁴S for sulfur species, it is suggested that there was influence of seawater on peat swamp, with two marine incursions occurring during peat accumulation of the high-sulfur Springfield coal. Therefore, bacterial sulfate reduction played a key role in converting sulfate into hydrogen sulfide, sulfide minerals, and elemental sulfur. The differences in δ³⁴S between sulfate sulfur and pyritic sulfur is very small between individual benches of both coals, implying that some oxidation occurred during deposition or postdeposition.The δ³⁴S values for fly ash from the high-sulfur Springfield coal (averaging 9.7‰) are greatly enriched in ³⁴S relative to those in the parent coal (averaging 2.2‰). This indicates a fractionation of sulfur isotopes during high-sulfur coal combustion. By contrast, the δ³⁴S values for fly-ash samples from the low-sulfur Danville coal average 10.2‰, only slightly enriched in ³⁴S relative to those from the parent coal (average 7.5‰). The δ³⁴S values for bulk S determined directly from the fly-ash samples show close correspondence with the δ³⁴S values for SO₄^− 2 leached from the fly ash in the low-sulfur coal, suggesting that the transition from pyrite to sulfate occurred via high-temperature oxidation during coal combustion.     

Leaching behavior of lignite fly ash with shake and column tests

The maximum concentration of the majority of the trace metals in the leachates from shake and column test of lignite fly ash (LFA) was within the prescribed limits; however, total dissolved solids, total hardness, cations and anions (except K⁺), being above the prescribed limits, may lead to the increase in the hardness and salinity in the soil on the disposal of LFA. Present generation of huge amount of fly ash from thermal power plants (TPPs) is a big challenge concerning contamination of soil, crop produce and surface and ground water bodies due to the presence of some of the toxic trace metals in it. The leaching behavior of alkaline LFA (pH, 10.94), from TPP of Neyveli Lignite Corporation (NLC), India, was investigated by shake and column tests using water and sodium acetate buffer. The leaching of trace metals from LFA was governed by their concentrations, association with the ash particles, leaching duration and pH of the leachate (most influencing parameter). The leaching of metals followed the order: buffer column > aqueous column > aqueous shake > buffer shake test.     

煤层气测井资料解释初探

探讨了用于煤层气测井资料解释的煤层气储层的组成模型。煤层气储层具有双重孔隙结构,因此它可以分成裂隙和含微孔隙的基质两部分。就煤层气储层的组成成分而言,它由有机质、矿物质、水和气四个部分组成。从此组成模型出发,用以“岩心刻度测井”为主的解释方法,对煤层气储层的灰分、含气量和渗透率等储层参数进行了实测解释分析。     

Airborne measurements of particle and gas emissions from the December 1994–January 1995 eruption of Popocatépetl volcano (Mexico)

Airborne and ground-based (correlation spectrometer, cascade impactor, and photoelectric counter together with intake filter probes) measurements are described for the volcanic emissions from Popocatépetl volcano (Mexico) from December 23, 1994 to January 28, 1995. Measurements of SO₂ restarted 48 h after the eruption onset of December 21, 1994. Maximum sulfur dioxide (4560 t d⁻¹) plus 3.8×10⁴ t d⁻¹ of particulate matter were ejected on December 24, 1994. The maximum rate of ejection occurred coincidentally with the maximum amplitude of harmonic tremor and the maximum number of seismic type B events. Sulfur dioxide emission rates ranged from 1790 to 2070 t d⁻¹ (December 23–24, 1994). Afterwards, sulfur dioxide emission rates clearly indicated a consistent decline. However, frequent gas and ash emission puffs exhibited SO₂ fluxes reaching values as high as 3060 t d⁻¹. The emission SO₂ baseline for the period of study (February 1994–January 1995) was about 1000 t d⁻¹. Ejection velocity of particulate matter was approximately 270 m s⁻¹ reaching a height of about 2.5 km over the summit. The immediate aerosol dispersion area was estimated at 6.0×10⁴ km² maximum. The microscopic structure of particles (aerosol and tephra) showed a fragile material, probably coming from weathered crustal layers. X-ray fluorescence and neutron-activation analysis from the impactor samples found the following elements: Si, Al, Ca, S, P, Cl, K, Ni, Fe, Ti, Sc, Cu, Zn, Mn, Sr, Cr, Co, Y, Br, Se, Ga, Rb, Hg and Pb. Morphological analysis shows that ash samples might be from pulverized basaltic rock indicating that the Popocatépetl eruption of December 21, 1994 was at low temperature. The microscopic structure of puff material showed substance aggregates consisted of fragile rock, water and adsorbed SO₂. These aggregates were observed within water droplets of approximately 1 mm and even larger. Sulfur transformations in the droplets occurred intensively. Volcanic ash contained 5–6% of sulfur during the first expulsion hours. Elemental relative concentrations with respect to Al show that both Si and S have relative concentrations >1, i.e., 13.73 and 2.17, respectively in agreement with the photoelectric counter and COSPEC measurements.     

武汉地区粉煤灰和膨润土双掺合剂水泥土性能改良试验研究

近年来,水泥土被广泛应用于土体加固工程,其强度与加固效果密切相关。为研究膨润土和粉煤灰掺量对水泥土性能的影响,对25组不同膨润土和粉煤灰掺量的水泥土进行基本力学性能试验。通过抗压强度试验,发现当粉煤灰和膨润土掺量分别为40%和11%时,28 d的水泥土抗压强度最大,为7.30 MPa;当粉煤灰和膨润土掺量分别为20%和7%时,90 d的水泥土抗压强度最大,为7.19 MPa。通过室内直接剪切试验,发现当粉煤灰和膨润土掺量分别为20%和11%时,28 d的水泥土抗剪强度参数粘聚力c最大,为1144.8 kPa;当粉煤灰和膨润土掺量分别为30%和5%时,90 d的水泥土抗剪强度参数粘聚力c最大,为1753.71 kPa。研究成果可以为武汉地区的粉煤灰和膨润土双掺合剂改良水泥土的现场施工提供参考依据。