The heating of the solar transition region

The temperature curve in the solar chromosphere has puzzled astronomers for a long time.Referring to the structure of supergranular cells,we propose an in ductive heating model.It mainly includes the following three steps.(1) A small-scale dynamo exists in the supergranulation and produces alternating small-scale magnetic fluxes;(2) The supergranular flow distributes these small-scale fluxes according to a regular pattern;(3) A skin effect occurs in the alternating and regularly-distributed magnetic fields.The induced current is concentrated near the transition region and heats it by resistive dissipation.     

Distribution and Forming Model of Fluvial Terrace in the Huangshui Catchment and its Tectonic Indication

<正>The Huang Shui River,a main tributary of the Yellow River,crosses a series of tectonically subsided and uplifted areas that show different patterns of terrace formation.The distribution of fluvial terrace of the Huang Shui River is studied through topographic and sedimentologic terrace mapping.Three terraces in the Haiyan Basin,four terraces in the Huangyuan Basin,19 terraces in the Xi'ning Basin(the four high terraces may belong to another river),nine terraces in the Ping'an Basin, five terraces in the Ledu Basin and 12 terraces in the Minhe Basin are recognized.Sedimentology research shows that the geomorphologic and sedimentological pattern of the Huang Shui River,which is located at the margin of Tibet,are different from that of the rivers at other regions.The formation process of the terrace is more complicated at the Huang Shui catchment:both accumulation terrace and erosion terrace were formed in each basin and accumulation terraces were developed in some basins when erosion terraces were formed in other basins,indicating fluvial aggradation may occur in some basins simultaneously with river incision in other basins.A conceptual model of the formation process of these two kinds of fluvial terraces at Huang Shui catchment is brought forward in this paper.First,the equilibrium state of the river is broken because of climatic change and/or tectonic movement,and the river incises in all basins in the whole catchment until reaching a new equilibrium state.Then,the downstream basin subsides quickly and the equilibrium state is broken again,and the river incises at upstream basins while the river accumulates at the subsidence basin quickly until approaching a new equilibrium state again.Finally,the river incises in the whole catchment because of climatic change and/or tectonic movement and the accumulation terrace is formed at the subsidence basin while the erosion terrace is formed at other basins.The existence of the accumulation terrace implied the tectonic subsidence in the sub-basins in Huang Shui catchment.These tectonic subsidence movements gradually developed from the downstream Minhe Basin to the upstream Huangyuan Basin.Dating the terrace sequence has potential to uncover the relationship between the subsidence in the catchment and the regional tectonic at the northeastern Tibetan Plateau.     

地幔转换带中的水及其地球动力学意义

综述了近20年国际上地幔转换带中水的研究进展。前人研究表明,地球深部的水主要以OH-(hy-droxyl)形式存储在名义上无水矿物(NAMs)中。高温高压实验研究表明,地幔转换带中的主要矿物均具有较高的储水能力,且在转换带的温压条件下,其储水能力随着温度的升高而降低,其中瓦兹利石(β-Ol)和林伍德石(γ-Ol)的储水能力为2%～3%,超硅石榴子石(Mj)的储水能力为0.1%左右,据此估算地幔转换带的储水能力约为1.2%～1.91%,是地表水总量的3.9～6.2倍;而转换带除外的上地幔和下地幔主要矿物的含水量或储水能力均小于0.1%,因此与上、下地幔相比,地幔转换带可能是地幔的主要储水库。尽管地幔转换带具有较强的储水能力,但对地幔转换带的实际含水量还存在干、湿两方面的地质和地球物理证据和争议。地幔转换带中的水会对转换带中一系列的过程产生重要影响,当水含量增加时,橄榄石(Ol)向β-Ol、γ-Ol分解以及超硅石榴石的分解反应分别向低压、高压和低压方向迁移,从而由橄榄石向β-Ol和γ-Ol分解两个相变反应界定的转换带宽度也会增加;水还会使地幔深部的部分熔融温度降低,熔体的密度降低;同时,水的加入可以很好地解释地幔岩"pyrolite"模型在410km不连续面处产生的与地震波测量不相符突变,也可以解决全地幔对流模式所不能解释的地幔成分分层问题。因此,深入研究和探讨转换带中的水对地球深部动力学过程的影响,包括中国东部地区受太平洋板块深俯冲作用的影响,均具有重要的约束和研究意义。     

Pediment response to drainage basin evolution in south-central Arizona

The Sonoran Desert portion of the Basin and Range physiographic province contains a number of streams that now flow across once-closed basins. We explore here the research questions of if and how granitic rock pediments respond to the transition from rimming endorheic basins to bordering through-flowing streams. Granitic rock pediments of the northern Usery and eastern McDowell Mountains once graded to the closed Miocene–Pliocene Pemberton basin that occupied the present-day location of the confluence of the Salt and Verde Rivers. The process of lake overflow, which integrated these rivers, first aggraded fill terraces that, in turn, caused aggradation of a mantle of transported grus on bedrock pediments. Subsequent episodic incision of the Salt and Verde rivers lowered the base level; this led to the development of erosional features such as rolling topography of a degrading pediment mantle; exposure of the former piedmont angle and its associated zones of enhanced bedrock decay and regolith carbonate; and exposure of spheroidally weathered bedrock and emerging tors, some of which experienced 20^th century erosion. The granitic pediments of the former Pemberton Basin, which now transport grus to the Salt and Verde rivers, have actively adjusted to aggradational and degradational events associated with drainage integration and do not appear to be inherited from an ancient wet climatic interval.     

Classifying and mapping the urban transition in Vietnam

The urban transition almost always involves wrenching social adjustment as small agricultural communities are forced to adjust rapidly to industrial ways of life. Large-scale in-migration of young people, usually from poor regions, creates enormous demand and expectations for community and social services. One immediate problem planners face in approaching this challenge is how to define, differentiate, and map what is rural, urban, and transitional (i.e., peri-urban). This project established an urban classification for Vietnam by using national census and remote sensing data to identify and map the smallest administrative units for which data are collected as rural, peri-urban, urban, or urban core. We used both natural and human factors in the quantitative model: income from agriculture, land under agriculture and forests, houses with modern sanitation, and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index. Model results suggest that in 2006, 71% of Vietnam's 10,891 communes were rural, 18% peri-urban, 3% urban, and 4% urban core. Of the communes our model classified as peri-urban, 61% were classified by the Vietnamese government as rural. More than 7% of Vietnam's land area can be classified as peri-urban and approximately 13% of its population (more than 11 million people) lives in peri-urban areas. We identified and mapped three types of peri-urban places: communes in the periphery of large towns and cities; communes along highways; and communes associated with provincial administration or home to industrial, energy, or natural resources projects (e.g., mining). We validated this classification based on ground observations, analyses of multi-temporal night-time lights data, and an examination of road networks. The model provides a method for rapidly assessing the rural–urban nature of places to assist planners in identifying rural areas undergoing rapid change with accompanying needs for investments in building, sanitation, road infrastructure, and government institutions.     

梅雨锋云系的模态研究Ⅱ：出现频率及转换特点

基于经验正交函数（EOF）分解方法提取的1998～2008年梅雨活跃期共16次过程的梅雨锋云系主导模态,讨论了这些主导模态的发生频率、维持时间及相互转换特征。结果表明,在16个梅雨活跃期内,云系的第1主导模态正相位出现的频率最高,并且在4个活跃期内作为首次出现模态率先出现;第5模态正位相的出现频率最低,且该模态多数伴随其他模态一同出现,为过渡模态。统计发现,各主导模态的维持时间并不相同,其中第2模态负位相持续时间最长,为81 h;第5模态正位相的最大持续时间最短,仅为18 h;第6模态负位相的平均持续时间最长。对不同主导模态转换方向和频次的计算表明,各个位相的模态最多（最少）向9种（3种）（含正负位相）其他模态进行转换。除第6模态负位相和第5模态负位相向其他模态的转化具有较好的方向性外,其他模态间的相互转换多表现出随机性特征。其中,第6模态负位相在超过半数的情况下向第5模态负位相转换,而第5模态负位相则多向第3模态正位相和第1模态负位相进行转换。     

利用生产动态及地震资料分析井间河流相砂体连通性

渤海PL油田是位于渤海湾盆地的大型河流相油田,在其注水开发过程中,亟需准确认识注水井与生产井之间的砂体连通性,以便优化和调整注采井网,提高采收率.针对油田砂体横向变化快,纵向上薄砂体发育的特点,利用丰富的压力、水淹等生产动态资料及相位转换后赋予地质意义的地震资料综合分析砂体的连通性,进一步完善和修正了早期以地质及测井资料确定的砂体连通性分析成果,并引入注采连通率概念,用来定量表示井组范围内注水井与生产井之间的砂体的连通性.该套方法在PL油田注水优化及井网调整研究中得到了充分的体现,对其它河流相注水开发油田井组范围内井间砂体连通性研究具有一定的借鉴作用.     

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S167498711400067X

The Proterozoic Bamble Sector, South Norway, is one of the world＇s classic amphiboliteto granulite- facies transition zones. It is characterized by a well-developed isograd sequence, with isolated ＇granulite-facies islands＇ in the amphibolite-facies portion of the transition zone. The area is notable for the discovery of C02-dominated fluid inclusions in the granolite-facies rocks by Jacques Touter in the late 1960＇s, which triggered discussion of the role of carbonic fluids during granulite genesis. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the current state of knowledge of the Bamble Sector, with an emphasis on the Arendal-Froland-Nelaug-Tvedestrand area and off shore islands （most prominantly Tromay and Hisoy） where the transition zone is best developed. After a brief overview of the history of geological research and mining in the area, aspects of sedimentary, metamorphic and magmatic petrology of the Bamble Sector are discussed, including the role of fluids. Issues relevant to current geotectonic models for SW Scandinavia, directly related to the Bamble Sector, are discussed at the end of the review.     

环境经济地理学的研究现状与挑战

环境经济地理学是经济地理学反思资源环境在学科内部边缘化的产物,旨在重建经济地理学理论与资源环境之间的联系。历经近20年的发展,环境经济地理学研究片段化、地位边缘化的问题无明显改观。为此,本文回溯了环境经济地理学的发展思路,归纳了以环境经济地理学名义开展的研究工作,探讨了环境经济地理学发展面临的挑战与应对。研究发现：① 环境经济地理学过去20年的发展思路是以经济地理学理论为基础,探讨适应资源环境变化的经济发展与空间布局模式,凝练了环境治理和绿色转型两个研究主题。② 面向环境治理,环境经济地理学应用全球价值链和全球生产网络理论,探讨企业和地方如何实现环境和经济效益的共同提升;同时,借助区位分析评估作为区位因子的环境规制如何影响经济布局,发现了诸多“经典假说”的反例。③ 面向绿色转型,环境经济地理学与演化经济地理学结合,应用区域多样化和路径创造理论,分析了区域绿色转型的条件和过程。④ 环境经济地理学的未来发展需要克服范式差异、加强问题导向、推动理论创新,挖掘中国丰富的环境经济地理问题所蕴含的机遇。     

日常生活数字化转向的时间地理学应对

信息和通信技术(ICTs)对日常生活产生重要影响,而时间地理学及时应对了日常生活的数字化转向。论文梳理了日常生活数字化转向的基本特征,包括破碎化、多任务与时空替代等方面。相关实证研究试图回答ICTs是否以及如何改变日常生活,但是忽略了对其内在机制的阐释。时间地理学应对日常生活数字化转向的最新研究包括理论扩展与可视化及分析工具发展等方面,这为理解与刻画日常生活的数字化转向提供了新的理论框架与有效工具。研究发现,首先,经典时间地理学的理论和概念可扩展应用于虚拟空间中的行为。时空间去耦合是日常生活数字化转向的内在机制。其次,基于GIS开发了物质—虚拟混合空间行为的可视化和测度方法。最后,新时间地理学对日常活动复杂情境的分析直观揭示了日常生活数字化转向的时空去耦合机制与破碎化、多任务、时空替代等基本特征,并提出前后台活动、ICT介导的活动束、ICT介导的秩序口袋等理解移动ICTs影响下日常活动转型的创新概念。最后,以时间地理学为基础,提出以实虚活动系统为核心的日常生活数字化转向研究框架,并从数字生活、智慧社会和安全城市等方面讨论未来研究议题。