Applying a fish expert system for ranking the biological effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on the rockfish Sebastiscus marmoratus in the Maowei Sea,China

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) pollution, particularly in coastal environments, is a global concern. In this study, the biomonitoring and ranking effects of PAHs in the rockfish Sebastiscus marmoratus were determined in the Maowei Sea, China. The results showed that the concentrations of the 16 priority PAHs detected in the surface seawater were moderate compared with those in other coastal areas worldwide, and the possible sources were rapid industrialization and urbanization combined with atmospheric deposition and runoff. Nested analysis of variance (ANOVA) suggested significant differences in the hepatic ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activities and phenanthrene-derived metabolites in bile between the port area and the oyster farming area. The fish expert system (FES) was applied to evaluate the biological effects of PAHs on fish. The FES data demonstrated that the biological effect levels of Site S1 (level III, medium stress) were higher than those of the other sampling sites (level II, low stress).     

利用核酸适配体的竞争置换作用检测溶藻弧菌(Vibrio alginolyticus)

溶藻弧菌(Vibrio alginolyticus)是水产养殖中致病性较强的一种条件致病菌,为更灵敏、高效地对其进行检测,研发出一种基于核酸适配体竞争置换作用的检测方法。首先设计并制备出磁珠-核酸适配体-荧光报告探针的检测复合物(MAP检测复合物),然后利用溶藻弧菌与其核酸适配体有较好的亲和特异性,在对样品进行检测时,样品中的溶藻弧菌就会竞争MAP检测复合物中的核酸适配体,从而置换出与该核酸适配体结合的荧光报告探针,再通过检测置换出的报告探针的荧光强度来表征溶藻弧菌的浓度,从而实现对溶藻弧菌的定量检测。结果表明,该方法对溶藻弧菌的检测限可达到1CFU/mL,与嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila)、迟钝爱德华氏菌(Edwardsiella tarda)、哈维氏弧菌(Vibrio harveyi)、大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)等水产养殖中的常见致病微生物没有交叉反应,并在1~20、20~100和100~1000 CFU/mL范围内都表现出较好的线性关系。另外还对MAP检测复合物的制备条件进行了优化,较为理想的制备条件为:100nmol/L核酸适配体与100nmol/L荧光报告探针按体积比1︰1混合结合30 min,制备出50 nmol/L的核酸适配体-荧光报告探针复合物,然后该复合物再与25μg/mL的磁珠按体积比1︰1混合结合60 min,制备出相应的MAP检测复合物。利用核酸适配体的竞争置换作用检测溶藻弧菌有较好的灵敏度和特异性,展现了较好的应用前景。     

Structure,morphology and water flux of a subglacial drainage system,Midtdalsbreen, Norway

Digital elevation models of the surface and bed of Midtdalsbreen, Norway are used to calculate subglacial hydraulic potential and infer drainage system structure for a series of subglacial water pressure assumptions ranging from atmospheric to ice overburden. A distributed degree‐day model is used to calculate the spatial distribution of melt on the glacier surface throughout a typical summer, which is accumulated along the various drainage system structures to calculate water fluxes beneath the glacier and exiting the portals for the different water pressure assumptions. In addition, 78 dye‐tracing tests were performed from 33 injection sites and numerous measurements of water discharge were made on the main proglacial streams over several summer melt seasons. Comparison of the calculated drainage system structures and water fluxes with dye tracing results and measured proglacial stream discharges suggests that the temporally and spatially averaged steady‐state water pressures beneath the glacier are ~70% of ice overburden. Analysis of the dye return curves, together with the calculated subglacial water fluxes shows that the main drainage network on the eastern half of the glacier consists of a hydraulically efficient system of broad, low channels (average width/height ratio ≈ 75). The smaller drainage network on the west consists of a hydraulically inefficient distributed system, dominated by channels that are exceptionally broad and very low (average width/height ratio ≈ 350). The even smaller central drainage network also consists of a hydraulically inefficient distributed system, dominated by channels that are very broad and exceptionally low (average width/height ratio ≈ 450). The channels beneath the western and central glacier must be so broad and low that they can essentially be thought of as a linked cavity system. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Adsorption of Brilliant Green from Aqueous Solutions onto Crosslinked Chitosan Graft Copolymers

In this study, graft copolymerization of itaconic acid (IA) and crotonic acid (CA) onto the crosslinked chitosan beads were carried out using ammonium persulfate as initiator. Grafted chitosan beads were characterized by FT‐IR analysis and grafting percentage determination. Grafting efficiency and add‐on percentages values of grafted chitosan beads were determined as 23–29 and 32–47%, respectively. Then, equilibrium isotherms and kinetics of brilliant green adsorption onto grafted chitosan beads were investigated. The results indicated that the pseudo‐second‐order kinetic model fitted better than the data obtained from pseudo‐first‐order model for the adsorption of brilliant green onto grafted chitosan beads. The fit of data for brilliant green (BG) adsorption onto grafted chitosan beads suggested that the Langmuir model gave closer fittings than the Freundlich model.     

生物炭催化过硫酸盐脱色偶氮染料金橙Ⅱ

生物炭作为一种廉价易得的材料,在土壤修复等各方面的功能已引起广泛关注,但其催化作用却鲜有研究。首次对生物炭(biochar-BC)催化过硫酸盐(Na2S2O8-PS)使偶氮染料金橙Ⅱ(AO7)脱色的可行性进行研究,对影响催化体系脱色效率的因素(包括pH、生物炭质量浓度和PS/AO7摩尔比)进行探讨,同时研究了生物炭的重复利用效果及前后性质变化。结果表明:PS/BC体系明显比单独的PS体系脱色效果好;两个反应体系都遵循一级反应动力学;PS/BC体系反应的最适pH接近中性;生物炭质量浓度越大,脱色效果越好;PS/AO7摩尔比越大,脱色效果越好,但是催化效果却没有相应的改善;生物炭重复利用后对AO7仍然有脱色效果;BC的孔大多位于层状结构表面,且为小孔,重复使用后,表面孔会堵塞;除了灰分和氧元素外,其他元素(C、N、H、S)含量都有一定程度的减小;BC表面官能团种类很多,主要有C=O、C=C、C-O、C-H,芳香族C=C和C-H以及-OH官能团;BC重复使用后-OH峰会消失。综上述,生物炭可以催化过硫酸盐对偶氮染料AO7进行脱色,原理是BC表面的-OH官能团与PS反应生成硫酸根自由基去除AO7。     

冀北步古沟一带萤石矿地物化找矿技术方法组合研究

地物化综合信息在热液充填型萤石矿找矿的应用探索具有重要意义。本文以冀北步古沟一带萤石找矿为例,通过综合物化探方法进行有效性试验,总结该地区萤石矿地物化找矿技术方法组合。在地质调查基础上,系统开展了1:5万水系沉积物地球化学测量、1:1万土壤剖面测量、高精度磁法测量、天然电场选频测量、电阻率联合剖面测量及高密度电阻率测量等找矿技术方法探索。结果表明,1:5万水系沉积物测量及1:1万土壤剖面测量等化探方法可辅助锁定找矿目标区;高精度磁法及天然电场选频测量,可初步判定断裂的位置;电阻率联合剖面及高密度电阻率法测量可进一步探测含矿断裂构造的位置、产状及延伸。通过以上试验研究,建立了冀北地区萤石矿地物化找矿技术方法组合,经工程验证在研究区内新发现萤石矿点1处,取得了较好的效果。实践表明,该套地物化找矿技术方法组合可进一步指导冀北地区的萤石矿找矿工作。     

The Effect of Oxygen on Anaerobic Color Removal of Azo Dye in a Sequencing Batch Reactor

In this study, various amounts of oxygen were added to the anaerobic phase of an anaerobic‐aerobic sequencing batch reactor (SBR) receiving azo dye remazol brilliant violet 5R to mimic the input of oxygen into the anaerobic zones of biological textile wastewater treatment plants. The effect of oxygen on the anaerobic biodegradative capability of the mixed microbial culture for remazol brilliant violet 5R was investigated. To investigate the effect of oxygen on anaerobic azo dye biodegradation, the anaerobic phase of the SBR cultures were exposed to a very low limited amount of oxygen for various air flow rates. Initially, an air flow rate of 20 mL/min was applied, further on the air flow rate in the anaerobic phase was increased up to 40 mL/min. System performance was determined by monitoring chemical oxygen demand, color removal rate, activities of anaerobic (azo reductase) and aerobic enzymes (catechol 2,3‐dioxygenase, catechol 1,2‐dioxygenase). The results of percentage COD reduction at each stage were similar for all runs, giving an overall reduction of 96%. Anaerobic color removal efficiency and azo reductase activity of anaerobic microorganisms were adversely affected by the addition of oxygen. Color removal efficiencies of the anaerobic phases decreased from 80% down to 42 and 38% for the limited oxygen conditions of 20 mL/min and 40 mL/min, respectively. It was observed that the activity of catechol 2,3‐dioxygenase and catechol 1,2‐dioxygenase, involved in breakage of aromatic rings, increased after they are exposed to oxygen limited conditions compared to fully anaerobic conditions. It was also observed that catechol 1,2‐dioxygenase enzyme activity increased by increasing the oxygen level on oxygen limited conditions in the anaerobic zone.     

Infiltration pattern in a regolith–fractured bedrock profile: field observation of a dye stain pattern

We examined the infiltration pattern of water in a regolith–bedrock profile consisting of two overburdens (OB1 and OB2), a buried rice paddy soil (PS), two texturally distinctive weathered materials (WM1 and WM2) and a fractured sedimentary rock (BR), using a Brilliant Blue FCF dye tracer. A black‐coloured coating in conducting fractures in WM1, WM2 and BR was analysed by X‐ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The dye tracer penetrated to greater than 2 m depth in the profile. The macropore flow and saturated interflow were the major infiltration patterns in the profile. Macropore flow and saturated interflow were observed along fractures in WM1, WM2 and BR and at the dipping interfaces of PS–WM1, PS–WM2 and PS–BR respectively. Heterogeneous matrix flow occurred in upper overburden (OB1) and PS. Compared with OB1, the coarser textured OB2 acted as a physical barrier for vertical flow of water. The PS with low bulk density and many fine roots was another major conducting route of water in the profile. Manganese oxide and iron oxide were positively identified in the black coating material and had low crystallinity and high surface area, indicating their high reactivity with conducting contaminants. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Estimating the mean speed of laminar overland flow using dye injection‐uncertainty on rough surfaces

A common method for estimating mean flow speeds in studies of surface runoff is to time the travel of a dye cloud across a measured flow path. Motion of the dye front reflects the surface flow speed, and a correction must be employed to derive a value for the profile mean speed, which is always lower. Whilst laminar flow conditions are widespread in the interrill zone, few data are available with which to establish the relationship linking surface and profile mean speeds, and there are virtually none for the flow range 100 < Re < 500 (Re = Reynolds number) which is studied here. In laboratory experiments on a glued sand board, mean flow speeds were estimated from both dye speeds and the volumetric flow relation v = Q/ wd with d measured using a computer‐controlled needle gauge at 64 points. In order to simulate conditions applicable to many dryland soils, the board was also roughened with plant litter and with ceramic tiles (to simulate surface stone cover). Results demonstrate that in the range 100 < Re < 500, there is no consistent relation between surface flow speeds and the profile mean. The mean relationship is v = 0·56 v _surf, which departs significantly from the theoretical smooth‐surface relation v = 0·67 v _surf, and exhibits a considerable scatter of values that show a dependence on flow depth. Given the inapplicability of any fixed conversion factor, and the dependence on flow depth, it is suggested that the use of dye timing as a method for estimating v be abandoned in favour of precision depth measurement and the use of the relation v = Q/ wd , at least within the laminar flow range tested. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

硅锰合金的X-射线荧光分析

在硅锰合金样中加入一定量的硼酸作为黏结剂进行压片试样，然后选择合适条件，用X－射线荧光光谱法测定硅锰合金中的Si,Mn，P，S，C5个元素，分析结果符合国标要求。