Melt inclusion analysis of the Unzen 1991–1995 dacite: implications for crystallization processes of dacite magma

Dacitic magma, a mixture of high-temperature (T) aphyric magma and low-T crystal-rich magma, was erupted during the 1991–1995 Mount Unzen eruptive cycle. Here, the crystallization processes of the low-T magma were examined on the basis of melt inclusion analysis and phase relationships. Variation in water content of the melt inclusions (5.1–7.2 wt% H₂O) reflected the degassing history of the low-T magma ascending from deeper levels (250 MPa) to a shallow magma chamber (140 MPa). The ascent rate of the low-T magma decreased markedly towards the emplacement level as crystal content increased. Cooling of magma as well as degassing-induced undercooling drove crystallization. With the decreasing ascent rate, degassing-induced undercooling decreased in importance, and cooling became more instrumental in crystallization, causing local and rapid crystallization along the margin of the magma body. Some crystals contain scores of melt inclusions, whereas there are some crystals without any inclusions. This heterogeneous distribution suggests the variation in the crystallization rate within the magma body; it also suggests that cooling was dominant cause for melt entrapment. Numerical calculations of the cooling magma body suggest that cooling caused rapid crystal growth and enhanced melt entrapment once the magma became a crystal-rich mush with evolved interstitial melt. The rhyolitic composition of melt inclusions is consistent with this model.Editorial responsibility: H Shinohara     

Amoeboid olivine aggregates and related objects in carbonaceous chondrites: records of nebular and asteroid processes

Amoeboid olivine aggregates (AOAs) are the most common type of refractory inclusions in CM, CR, CH, CV, CO, and ungrouped carbonaceous chondrites Acfer 094 and Adelaide; only one AOA was found in the CB_b chondrite Hammadah al Hamra 237 and none were observed in the CB_a chondrites Bencubbin, Gujba, and Weatherford. In primitive (unaltered and unmetamorphosed) carbonaceous chondrites, AOAs consist of forsterite (Fa_<2), Fe, Ni-metal (5-12 wt% Ni), and Ca, Al-rich inclusions (CAIs) composed of Al-diopside, spinel, anorthite, and very rare melilite. Melilite is typically replaced by a fine-grained mixture of spinel, Al-diopside, and ±anorthite; spinel is replaced by anorthite. About 10% of AOAs contain low-Ca pyroxene replacing forsterite. Forsterite and spinel are always ¹⁶O-rich (δ^17,18O∼−40‰ to −50‰), whereas melilite, anorthite, and diopside could be either similarly ¹⁶O-rich or ¹⁶O-depleted to varying degrees; the latter is common in AOAs from altered and metamorphosed carbonaceous chondrites such as some CVs and COs. Low-Ca pyroxene is either ¹⁶O-rich (δ^17,18O∼−40‰) or ¹⁶O-poor (δ^17,18O∼0‰). Most AOAs in CV chondrites have unfractionated (∼2-10×CI) rare-earth element patterns. AOAs have similar textures, mineralogy and oxygen isotopic compositions to those of forsterite-rich accretionary rims surrounding different types of CAIs (compact and fluffy Type A, Type B, and fine-grained, spinel-rich) in CV and CR chondrites. AOAs in primitive carbonaceous chondrites show no evidence for alteration and thermal metamorphism. Secondary minerals in AOAs from CR, CM, and CO, and CV chondrites are similar to those in chondrules, CAIs, and matrices of their host meteorites and include phyllosilicates, magnetite, carbonates, nepheline, sodalite, grossular, wollastonite, hedenbergite, andradite, and ferrous olivine.Our observations and a thermodynamic analysis suggest that AOAs and forsterite-rich accretionary rims formed in ¹⁶O-rich gaseous reservoirs, probably in the CAI-forming region(s), as aggregates of solar nebular condensates originally composed of forsterite, Fe, Ni-metal, and CAIs. Some of the CAIs were melted prior to aggregation into AOAs and experienced formation of Wark-Lovering rims. Before and possibly after the aggregation, melilite and spinel in CAIs reacted with SiO and Mg of the solar nebula gas enriched in ¹⁶O to form Al-diopside and anorthite. Forsterite in some AOAs reacted with ¹⁶O-enriched SiO gas to form low-Ca pyroxene. Some other AOAs were either reheated in ¹⁶O-poor gaseous reservoirs or coated by ¹⁶O-depleted pyroxene-rich dust and melted to varying degrees, possibly during chondrule formation. The most extensively melted AOAs experienced oxygen isotope exchange with ¹⁶O-poor nebular gas and may have been transformed into magnesian (Type I) chondrules. Secondary mineralization and at least some of the oxygen isotope exchange in AOAs from altered and metamorphosed chondrites must have resulted from alteration in the presence of aqueous solutions after aggregation and lithification of the chondrite parent asteroids.     

Constraining the hydrocarbon expulsion history of the coals in Qinshui Basin, North China, from the analysis of fluid inclusions

From the comprehensive study on the homogenization temperatures and the occurrence of fluid inclusions in the framework minerals of the strata between or above the Carboniferous–Permian coals in the Qinshui basin, Shanxi, three stages are predicted of hydrocarbon expulsion from the coals. Combined with the known history of basin evolution, it is deduced that the expulsion of hydrocarbons happened during the J₁ (210–180 Ma), the early K₁ (150–130 Ma) and K₂E₁ (110–60 Ma). In the early stage, the coals produced and discharged coal-generated oils. The average GOI value of four sandstone samples is relatively high, as they have been exposed to high paleo-oil saturation in the strata between or above the coals. The biomarker compositions of oil-bearing fluid inclusions are similar to those of extracts from the coals, and so it is concluded that those oils were derived from the same family of the coals.     

山东大张矽卡岩型铁矿床中铁的富集机制 ——来自流体包裹体和氢、氧同位素的证据

大张铁矿是鲁西地区近年来新发现的一个重要的矽卡岩型矿床.矿体主要赋存于石英二长闪长岩与奥陶系马家沟组灰岩接触带及其附近.根据脉体穿插关系和交代蚀变特征,将大张矽卡岩型铁矿床成矿过程划分为矽卡岩阶段、氧化物阶段、硫化物阶段和碳酸盐阶段.通过对透辉石、绿帘石、石英和方解石等透明矿物显微观察发现,大张铁矿中流体包裹体类型主要...     

胶东金矿研究进展及约束金物质来源的新思路

作为全球最主要的金成矿带之一,胶东地区仅占全国国土面积的0.27%,黄金储量却约占全国的25%,特别是胶西北地区的金矿更是星罗棋布,引起了国内外地质学家的广泛关注,进行了大量的生产和科研工作。该文总结了近年来取得的关于胶东金矿在构造、岩浆、流体及成矿物质、富集机制等方面取得的研究进展,并且针对颇具争议的金成矿物质来源问题,提出了新的研究思路,并初步论证了其可行性。以期抛砖引玉,引起广大地学同仁对此科学问题的关注。     

Sediment provenance in a tropical fluvial and marine context by magnetic 'fingerprinting' of transportable sand fractions

The sources and fluxes of sediment to the Great Barrier Reef lagoon from north‐eastern Australian rivers have been the subject of much concern and study, with the large catchments of the Burdekin and Fitzroy Rivers thought to be the key sources at present. Here, the utility of newly developed magnetic ‘fingerprinting’ methods for identifying sediment provenance, both onshore and offshore, and in association with individual large flood events, is investigated. Within the Burdekin catchment, sediments are mobilized from different subcatchments by runoff generated by intense, localized rainfall events. Magnetic measurements were made on untreated and acid‐treated samples of river channel sediments within the Burdekin River subcatchments and from the estuarine and inner shelf depocentres of Burdekin River sediments. The acid treatment removes all discrete magnetic particles and coatings, and leaves magnetic inclusions (protected within host silicate grains) as the basis of the measured magnetic signature of a sample. The magnetic properties of the acid‐treated samples display statistically distinct sediment provenance groupings. Sand samples from the Upper Burdekin River appear magnetically distinct from samples from tributaries of the Burdekin (e.g. Hann Creek, Fanning River) and also from nearby coastal rivers, including the Haughton. Suspended sand samples from a Burdekin flood event in 2000 appear to have a different source compared with those from floods in 1998 and 1999. Comparisons of the terrestrial, acid‐treated sand fractions with the same, acid‐treated, sand‐size fractions from transects taken offshore suggest that the surface sediments in Upstart Bay and Bowling Green Bay have different sources. Some of these sources are as yet unidentified but may represent the unsampled, lower‐discharge south‐western Burdekin subcatchments, and/or along‐shore drift of sand from the south, perhaps even from the Fitzroy River, over millennial timescales of cyclone pumping. The magnetic inclusion method precludes any obfuscation or confounding of sediment source, which might arise from hydraulic sorting and/or post‐depositional magnetic diagenesis or authigenesis.     

Hydrothermal fluid geochemistry at the Chah-Firuzeh porphyry copper deposit,Iran: Evidence from fluid inclusions

The Chah-Firuzeh porphyry copper deposit is located in 35 km north of Shahre Babak (Kerman province). It is associated with granodioriteic intrusive of Miocene age which intruded Eocene volcanosedimentary rocks. Copper mineralization was accompanied by both potassic and phyllic alteration. Field observations and petrographic studies demonstrate that the emplacement of Chah-Firuzeh pluton took place in several intrusive pulses, each with associated hydrothermal ore fluid formation that was also associated with hydrostatic pressure increasing respect to that of lithostatic pressure (and fracturing development-relative boiling) by circulated fluid. Copper is concentrated as a very early hydrothermal mineralized phase in the evolution of the hydrothermal system. Early hydrothermal alteration produced a potassic assemblage (orthoclase–biotite) in the central deep part of the stock. Alteration ore fluids could be classify into two groups of liquid-reach, containing solid phases, high temperature (390 to 500 °C) high salinity (more than 60 wt.% NaCl equiv.) and gas-rich, high temperature (311 to 570 °C), no solid phase and with low salinities. These magmatic source fluids illustrate sever boiling process and also are the responsible for the both potassic alteration, quartz group I and II veins and chalcopyrite deposition. Propylitic alteration occurred by the liquid-rich, low temperature (241 to 390 °C) and Ca-rich fluid with meteoric origin. Continuous decreasing temperature let the meteoric water diffusion into the system, mixed with magmatic fluids and descending the salinities down to the 1 wt.% NaCl equiv. and leaching the Cu from vein groups II and III by sever thermodynamic anarchies from potassic to the phyllic alteration zones. Phyllic alteration and copper leaching resulted from the inflow of oxidized and acidic meteoric waters with decreasing temperature of the system followed by the incursion of this fluid into and its convection in upper part of the system. A late episode of boiling occurred in the apical the phyllic zone, and was associated with significant copper deposition. Based on the field observation on sharp alteration and related mineralization, it is possible to conclude that all these procedures have been controlled by local faults that could be active even before the pluton injection. These faults and the new form ones (which have been formed after injection), could crash the hosted rocks, and act as physical dams to restrict and limit the mineralization in special strikes and zones within the Cah-Firuzeh ore deposit.     

蚌埠五河地区金矿床成矿物质来源及其年代学研究——以河口和荣渡金矿床为例

安徽省蚌埠五河地区河口和荣渡金矿床是华北地台东南缘蚌埠台隆和五河台坳邻接区域的两个金矿床。本文通过对比研究河口和荣渡金矿床的地质特征、流体包裹体地球化学、Re-Os同位素以及H-O-S同位素特征,来厘定其形成时代、探讨其成矿物质来源和成矿过程。河口及荣渡金矿床矿体主要呈细脉浸染状、脉状和网脉状赋存于古太古代西堌堆地层中,成矿过程可划分为4个阶段:(1)石英脉阶段(早阶段);(2)石英-黄铁矿阶段(早阶段);(3)石英-多金属硫化物阶段(中阶段);(4)碳酸盐阶段(晚阶段);其中,中阶段为金的主要矿化时期。河口和荣渡金矿床早阶段(石英脉和石英-黄铁矿阶段)的石英内发育富液两相包裹体(WL型)、富气两相包裹体(WG)以及少量的含子晶的气液固三相包裹体(S型),均一温度为322～412℃,盐度介于5. 56%～15. 67%NaCleqv之间,属于高温中低盐度流体体系;中阶段(石英-多金属硫化物脉阶段)石英内发育有富液两相包裹体(WL型)、富气两相包裹体(WG),均一温度为257～357℃,盐度介于3. 06%～7. 45%NaCleqv之间,属于中高温低盐度流体体系。从成矿早阶段到主成矿阶段流体的盐度和温度都发生了较大程度的降低,推测矿化过程可能是由流体温度和盐度的降低引起的。成矿阶段石英中流体水的δ~(18)O值介于5. 01‰～7. 90‰之间,δD_(V-SMOW)值介于-89‰～-65‰之间,表明两个矿床的成矿流体为主要为岩浆水。河口金矿床矿石中的黄铁矿δ~(34)S值介于3. 89‰～9. 65‰之间,荣渡金矿床方铅矿δ~(34)S值为0. 76‰,表明河口及荣渡金矿床δ~(34)S值具有岩浆硫的特征,后期由于岩浆去气作用或地层硫的参与使矿石中的δ~(34)S值升高。因此,这两个金矿床可能是与岩浆热液有关的热液石英脉型金矿床。对荣渡金矿床矿石的黄铁矿进行Re-Os同位素定年,确定金矿床形成于134±19Ma,结合前人对该地区所做的岩浆岩定年工作,推测荣渡金矿床的成矿可能与区内130Ma左右的岩浆活动密切相关。     

Fluid Characteristics and Evolution of the Zhawulong Granitic Pegmatite Lithium Deposit in the Ganzi‐Songpan Region,Southwestern China

The Zhawulong granitic pegmatite lithium deposit is located in the Ganzi-Songpan orogenic belt. Fluid inclusions in spodumene and coexisting quartz were studied to understand the cooling path and evolution of fluid within albite–spodumene pegmatite. There are three distinguishable types of fluid inclusions: crystal-rich, CO2–NaCl–H2O, and NaCl–H2O. At more than 500°C and 350~480 MPa, crystal-rich fluid inclusions were captured during the pegmatitic magma-hydrothermal transition stage, characterized by a dense hydrous alkali borosilicate fluid with a carbonate component. Between 412°C and 278°C, CO2–NaCl–H2Ofluid inclusions developed in spodumene (I) and quartz (II) with a low salinity (3.3–11.9 wt%NaCl equivalent) and a high volatile content, which represent the boundary between the transition stage and the hydrothermal stage. The subsequentNaCl–H2Ofluid inclusions from the hydrothermal stage, between 189°C and 302°C, have a low salinity (1.1–13.9 wt%NaCl equivalent). The various types of fluid inclusions reveal the P–T conditions of pegmatite formation, which marks the transition process from magmatic to hydrothermal. The ore-forming fluids from the Zhawulong deposit have many of the same characteristics as those from the Jiajika lithium deposit. The ore-forming fluid provided not only materials for crystallization of rare metal minerals, such as spodumene and beryl, but also the ideal conditions forthe growth of ore minerals. Therefore, this area has favorable conditions for lithium enrichment and excellent prospecting potential.     

云南荒田大型铅锌矿床的成因:流体包裹体和C- H- O- S- Pb同位素地球化学约束

荒田铅锌矿位于扬子板块西南缘,与华夏地块和三江地块相接,属峨眉山大火成岩省的南延部分,川-滇-黔铅锌银多金属成矿域的南部。矿体赋存于上二叠统峨眉山玄武岩底部与下二叠统茅口组接触面上及其附近的玄武质-灰质角砾岩层中。本文应用流体包裹体和C-H-O-S-Pb同位素地球化学研究手段,来探讨荒田铅锌矿的成因。流体包裹体分析表明,成矿流体性质具有阶段性演化特征,早期硫化物阶段(阶段Ⅰ)出现含子矿物包裹体、CO_2包裹体和H_2O包裹体的组合发育特征,均一温度介于245～320℃,平均为270℃;到中期硫化物阶段(阶段Ⅱ)和晚期硫化物阶段(阶段Ⅲ)则逐渐变为以H_2O包裹体为主要类型,均一温度分别介于180～250℃和100～210℃,平均为224℃和174℃。随着成矿作用的进行,成矿流体的均一温度和盐度均表现出从早阶段到晚阶段逐渐降低的趋势。显微激光拉曼光谱分析显示流体包裹体的液相成分主要为H_2O,气相成分为H_2O、CO_2、CH_4以及N_2。碳、氧同位素组成(δ~(13)C_(PDB)值介于-8.54‰～3.76‰,δ~(18)O_(SMOW)值介于8.57‰～24.22‰)在δ~(18)O-δ~(13)C图上分布于原生碳酸岩和海相碳酸盐岩之间,指示CO_2可能来自地幔、海相沉积碳酸盐岩溶解和沉积物中有机质的脱羟基作用。氢氧同位素组成(δD值介于-97.4‰～-71.4‰,δ~(18)O_水值介于-4.6‰～8.0‰)在δD-δ~(18)O图上落在岩浆水和大气降水的过渡带上,推测热液流体运移过程中与顺层下渗的大气降水流体混合,期间可能有海水的加入。矿石硫化物的δ~(34)S值介于-5.5‰～10.3‰,指示矿化剂硫具有多种来源,除了直接来自玄武岩外,还来自古海水硫酸盐和碳酸盐岩地层,硫酸盐通过热化学还原(TSR)过程发生还原作用。矿石硫化物铅的~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb、~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb和~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb比值分别为38.320～39.365、15.603～15.860和18.136～18.786,数据分布呈线性趋势,几乎所有点均落在地壳铅平均演化线以上,且位于峨眉山组玄武岩、碳酸盐岩地层和基底岩石的Pb同位素组成范围之内,说明成矿物质具有多源性,铅同位素在成矿之前存在均一化过程。结合成矿物质和成矿流体来源,以及区域成矿地球动力学背景,认为荒田铅锌矿属于密西西比河谷型(MVT)叠加岩浆热液改造型矿床。