汶川地震断裂带科学钻探项目WFSD-4井钻井液技术

汶川地震断裂带科学钻探项目4号孔（WFSD-4）地层极其复杂,钻探施工难度极大,对钻井液技术要求较高,据此优选钾石灰聚磺钻井液体系为该孔的钻井液主体系。介绍了钻井液技术在各开次的使用维护情况,同时还详细介绍了该孔中的特殊工艺钻井液技术及复杂情况下钻井液应对措施等。     

斑岩-矽卡岩型矿床成矿作用过程中的Cu同位素地球化学行为初步研究：以冬瓜山矿床为例

本文初步报道了长江中下游铜陵矿集区内冬瓜山斑岩-矽卡岩型Cu-Au矿中硫化物、石英闪长岩体和赋矿围岩的Cu同位素组成特征。其中,硫化物的δ65Cu变化范围为-0.54‰~0.95‰,变化范围较大,可达1.5‰,表明高温成矿体系下铜同位素发生分馏,铜同位素具有示踪高温成矿作用过程的潜力。不同空间位置的黄铜矿的铜同位素组成呈现出空间分带特征,表现为从岩体→斑岩型矿体→近岩体矽卡岩→矽卡岩型矿体,随着远离岩体,黄铜矿的铜同位素组成逐渐变重。导致斑岩-矽卡岩型矿床铜同位素出现空间分带的主要原因是矿化过程中铜同位素发生分馏。并且,对于冬瓜山矿床来讲,导致铜同位素组成空间分带的分馏不是发生在Cu在气-液两相之间分配的过程中,而是发生在硫化物从流体中沉淀出来的过程中。在硫化物的沉淀过程中,铜的重同位素优先在流体中富集,轻同位素在沉淀中富集,随着流体向外迁移,硫化物沉淀的进行,残余热液流体会逐渐富集铜的重同位素。硫化物的铜同位素组成可以用来反演和指示成矿流体的迁移方向。     

辽宁鞍山－本溪地区铁矿床流体包裹体和硫、氢、氧同位素特征研究

鞍山-本溪地区是我国最大的铁矿集区,分布有诸多大型、特大型铁矿床,并且产出有弓长岭二矿区大型和齐大山、南芬中型磁铁富矿床。贫铁矿体与变质沉积岩和火山碎屑岩等围岩呈层状或似层状产于太古宙花岗岩中,富铁矿体(TFe50%)呈层状或透镜体状产于贫铁矿体和围岩及其附近的断裂带中,并可见明显的热液蚀变现象。为了探讨鞍本地区富铁矿的成因,为指导找富矿提供依据,本文主要对比研究了鞍本地区贫铁矿石和富铁矿石中流体包裹体、硫同位素和氢氧同位素特征。贫铁矿石(磁铁石英岩和假象赤铁石英岩)石英中含有大量的孤立分布负晶形气体包裹体(Ⅰc类包裹体),富铁矿石石英中主要以液体包裹体(Ⅰb类包裹体)为主,可见含子矿物的流体包裹体;贫铁矿石中黄铁矿的δ34S变化范围为-6.5‰~11.8‰,平均值为0.4‰,富铁矿石中黄铁矿的δ34S变化范围较大,为-7‰~14.4‰,平均值为2.0‰;贫铁矿石中磁铁矿δ18 O变化范围为3.4‰~10.4‰,平均值为7.1‰,石英δ18 O变化范围为11.8‰~15.1‰,平均值为13.4‰,富铁矿石中磁铁矿δ18 O变化范围为-1.4‰~6.5‰,平均值为2.3‰,富铁矿石中石英δ18 O变化范围为9.6‰~15.8‰,平均值为13.6‰,δD变化范围为-129‰~-75‰,平均值为-104‰。富铁矿石中石英流体包裹体、黄铁矿δ34S和磁铁矿δ18 O部分继承了贫铁矿石的特征,但是显示更多的后期热液特征,暗示鞍本地区富铁矿石是在贫铁矿石的基础上受后期热液改造形成的。富铁矿石中石英的氢氧同位素特征表明其热液流体主要为混合岩化热液,富铁矿的形成可能为去硅富铁模式,同时也可能有铁质活化再转移模式。     

铜陵矿集区冬瓜山矿床斑岩-矽卡岩型矿床成矿作用过程中的Cu同位素地球化学行为初步研究

本文报道了长江中下游铜陵矿集区内冬瓜山斑岩-矽卡岩型Cu-Au矿床中硫化物、石英闪长岩体和赋矿围岩的Cu同位素组成特征.其中,硫化物的δ65 Cu变化范围为-0.54‰～0.95‰,变化范围较大,达1.5‰,表明高温成矿体系下铜同位素发生分馏,铜同位素具有示踪高温成矿作用过程的潜力.不同空间位置的黄铜矿的铜同位素组成呈现出空间分带特征,表现为从岩体和斑岩型矿体→近岩体矽卡岩→矽卡岩型矿体,随着远离岩体,黄铜矿的铜同位素组成逐渐变重.导致斑岩-矽卡岩型矿床铜同位素出现空间分带的主要原因是矿化过程中铜同位素发生分馏.并且,对于冬瓜山矿床来讲,导致铜同位素组成空间分带的分馏不是发生在Cu在气-液两相之间分配的过程中,而是发生在硫化物从流体中沉淀出来的过程中.在硫化物的沉淀过程中,铜的重同位素优先在流体中富集,轻同位素在沉淀中富集,随着流体向外迁移,硫化物沉淀的进行,残余热液流体会逐渐富集铜的重同位素.硫化物的铜同位素组成可以用来反演和指示成矿流体的迁移方向.     

Thermal simulation of basic volcanic fluid influence on different source rocks

Based on thermal simulation experiment, interactions between volcanic fluids and source rocks were studied. Gas generations in the dry system and fluid system under different temperatures were analyzed. The results showed that the various types of source rocks are similar in composition, containing gaseous C1-C5 hydrocarbons, H2 and CO2 whose gas yields increase with increasing temperature. The gas yield of source rocks of type I is the high- est, followed by type II, and that of source rocks of type III is the lowest, indicating that the yield of hydrocarbon gases is related to their hydrocarbon generating potential. Although the generating potential of type III is the lowest, it can still be regarded as a useful gas source when it is buried deeply enough. The basic volcanic fluid restrains the generation of gaseous hydrocarbons in different types of source rocks, but promotes the generation of inorganic gases.     

与地震有关的水文及地球化学变化

简要回顾了几十年来对地震发生前、地震过程中和震后地下流体和地球化学变化的研究和成果，这些研究一般都是以探索地震预报可能性为目的的。论述了与地震有关的地下水文及地球化学变化的机理，这些地下流体(包括地下水和气体诸如氢、氧和惰性气体)的起源和迁移流动现象以及详细介绍了早期和近代对有关地震的地下流体和地球化学变化的观测成果。同时指出了对地下流体和地球化学作为地震前兆来观测研究的困难所在以及为了克服这些困难而应该采取的地震前兆观测研究的方向，例如多种手段和多种原理方法，开发有效的地球物理和地球化学模型以及适当的数据分析统计方法等。     

Compositional zoning of fluid inclusions in the Archaean Junction gold deposit,Western Australia: A process of fluid ‐ wall‐rock interaction?

The Junction gold deposit, in Western Australia, is an orogenic gold deposit hosted by a differentiated, iron‐rich, tholeiitic dolerite sill. Petrographic, microthermometric and laser Raman microprobe analyses of fluid inclusions from the Junction deposit indicate that three different vein systems formed at three distinct periods of geological time, and host four fluid‐inclusion populations with a wide range of compositions in the H₂O–CO₂–CH₄–NaCl ± CaCl₂ system. Pre‐shearing, pre‐gold, molybdenite‐bearing quartz veins host fluid inclusions that are characterised by relatively consistent phase ratios comprising H₂O–CO₂–CH₄ ± halite. Microthermometry suggests that these veins precipitated when a highly saline, >340°C fluid mixed with a less saline ≥150°C fluid. The syn‐gold mineralisation event is hosted within the Junction shear zone and is associated with extensive quartz‐calcite ± albite ± chlorite ± pyrrhotite veining. Fluid‐inclusion analyses indicate that gold deposition occurred during the unmixing of a 400°C, moderately saline, H₂O–CO₂ ± CH₄ fluid at pressures between 70 MPa and 440 MPa. Post‐gold quartz‐calcite‐biotite‐pyrrhotite veins occupy normal fault sets that slightly offset the Junction shear zone. Fluid inclusions in these veins are predominantly vapour rich, with CO₂?CH₄. Homogenisation temperatures indicate that the post‐gold quartz veins precipitated from a 310 ± 30°C fluid. Finally, late secondary fluid inclusions show that a <200°C, highly saline, H₂O–CaCl₂–NaCl–bearing fluid percolated along microfractures late in the deposit's history, but did not form any notable vein type. Raman spectroscopy supports the microthermometric data and reveals that CH₄–bearing fluid inclusions occur in syn‐gold quartz grains found almost exclusively at the vein margin, whereas CO₂–bearing fluid inclusions occur in quartz grains that are found toward the centre of the veins. The zonation of CO₂:CH₄ ratios, with respect to the location of fluid inclusions within the syn‐gold quartz veins, suggest that the CH₄ did not travel as part of the auriferous fluid. Fluid unmixing and post‐entrapment alteration of the syn‐gold fluid inclusions are known to have occurred, but cannot adequately account for the relatively ordered zonation of CO₂:CH₄ ratios. Instead, the late introduction of a CH₄–rich fluid into the Junction shear zone appears more likely. Alternatively, the process of CO₂ reduction to CH₄ is a viable and plausible explanation that fits the available data. The CH₄–bearing fluid inclusions occur almost exclusively at the margin of the syn‐gold quartz veins within the zone of high‐grade gold mineralisation because this is where all the criteria needed to reduce CO₂ to CH₄ were satisfied in the Junction deposit.     

Primary carbonate/CO2 inclusions in sapphirine-bearing granulites from central Sri Lanka

High-density CO₂-rich fluid inclusions from a sapphirine-bearing granulite (Hakurutale, Sri Lanka) have been studied by microthermometry, Raman spectrometry and SEM analysis. Based on textural evidence, two groups of inclusions can be identified: primary, negative crystal shaped inclusions (group I) and pseudo-secondary inclusions, which experienced a local, limited post-trapping modification (group II). Both groups contain magnesite as a daughter mineral, occurring in a relatively constant fluid/solid inclusion volume ratio (vol_solid =0.15 total volume). CO₂ densities for group I and II differ only slightly. Both groups contain a fluid, which was initially trapped at peak metamorphic conditions as a homogeneous (CO₂+MgCO₃) mixture. Thermodynamic calculations suggest that such a fluid (CO₂+15 vol% MgCO₃) is stable under granulite facies conditions. After trapping, magnesite separated upon cooling, while the remaining CO₂ density suffered minor re-adjustments. A model isochore based on the integration of the magnesite molar volume in the CO₂ fluid passes about 1.5–2 kbar below peak metamorphic conditions. This remaining discrepancy can be explained by the possible role of a small quantity of additional water.     

Efficient methods of discharge measurements in rivers and streams based on the probability concept

Regularities exist in fluid flows and can be represented by a set of constants. These constants are functions of the parameter of a probability distribution that exhibits resilience and stability under various flow conditions. Together, these regularities form a network and interact with each other, such that if one is known then the others can be determined from it. The regularities and their network explain the various fluid‐flow phenomena and can be used in analysis of rivers and streams. For example, they can be used as the basis to develop simple and efficient methods of discharge measurements as presented herein, which only require velocity sampling at a single point on a water surface or a few points on a single vertical. Because of their simplicity and the short time requirement, these methods can be easily automated for collecting discharge data in unsteady, high flows that are badly needed for real‐time flow forecasting and design of flood control structures, and for advancing the fundamental, scientific knowledge in hydrology. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Thermal history of the Hodgkinson Province and Laura Basin,Queensland: Multiple cooling episodes identified from apatite fission track analysis and vitrinite reflectance data

Apatite fission track analysis and vitrinite reflectance data from outcrop and well samples in the Hodgkinson Province and Laura Basin reveal regional Cretaceous cooling. Apatite fission track analysis appears to define two discrete cooling episodes, in the mid‐Cretaceous (110–100 Ma) and Late Cretaceous (80–70 Ma), although in most samples data allow only definition of a single episode. Rocks now at outcrop cooled from Cretaceous palaeotemperatures generally between 50 and 130°C in the south of the region, and from >100°C in the north. Some samples from the Hodgkinson Province also show evidence for an Early Jurassic cooling episode, characterised by maximum palaeotemperatures varying from at least 95°C (from apatite fission track analysis) to ～200–220°C (from vitrinite reflectance), with cooling beginning at around 200 Ma. Apatite fission track analysis data do not reveal the earlier event in the Laura Basin, but on the basis of vitrinite reflectance data from Permian? units this event is also inferred to have affected the pre‐Jurassic basin units in this region. The regional extent of the Cretaceous cooling episode in the Hodgkinson Province suggests that the elevated palaeotemperatures in this region were most likely due to greater depth of burial, with subsequent cooling due to kilometre‐scale denudation. For a palaeogeothermal gradient of 30°C/km and a palaeosurface temperature of 25°C the total degree of Cretaceous cooling experienced by the samples corresponds to removal of between ～0.8 and >3.0 km of Triassic and younger section removed by denudation, beginning some time between ca 110 and 80 Ma. Higher palaeogradients would require correspondingly lower amounts of removed section. The geology of the Laura Basin suggests that an explanation of the observed Cretaceous palaeotemperatures in this region in terms of deeper burial may be untenable. Heating due to hot fluid flow may be a more realistic mechanism for producing the observed Cretaceous palaeothermal effects in the Laura Basin.