阿尔山地区积雪变化特征

选取阿尔山气象站1981—2015年冷季(10月—次年4月)气象资料,利用滑动平均、线性倾向估计和Mann-Kendall等方法,对年最大积雪深度、积雪日数、气温和降水量进行分析。结果表明,阿尔山地区年最大积雪深度主要发生在1月至3月,其中2月份概率最大,达50%;34 a内最大积雪深度呈上升趋势(2.77 cm/10a),年平均增加0.98%,且年最大积雪深度在1998年发生了突变,即在1998年之前增长缓慢,在2000年以后上升趋势显著。积雪日数的统计分析表明,初始积雪日数和有效积雪日数呈现略微减少趋势,而稳定积雪日数有微弱的增加趋势;通常初始积雪日数比有效积雪日数大30天左右。年最大积雪深度与稳定积雪时期的降水量、积雪日数、日照时数有显著的相关性,相关系数分别为0.647、0.515、0.584,但与稳定积雪时期的气温没有明显的相关性。在全球变暖的大环境下,积雪深度随着降水量和日照时数的增加而增加,且积雪深度受降水量的影响大于日照时数的影响。     

基于小时雨量的泥石流滑坡降雨特征分析

利用2007～2010年6～9月四川加密自动气象站雨量监测资料,分析了小时雨量特征,并结合其间的泥石流、滑坡地质灾害个例,对泥石流、滑坡发生时的降雨特点进行了分析。结果表明,1500m以下小时平均雨强较大时段出现在1～7时,1500m以上小时雨强较大时段出现在夜间10时至次日8时,短历时强降雨是诱发泥石流的关键因素,而滑坡的发生受降水的累计和滞后效应影响。海拔1500m以下,发生泥石流、滑坡一般需要50mm的降水,1500～3500m海拔,6小时降水有15～20mm,就有可能引发泥石流、滑坡,而在3500m以上,6小时降水有10～15mm即可。     

Modeled Sverdrup flow in the North Atlantic from 11 different wind stress climatologies

In studies of large-scale ocean dynamics, often quoted values of Sverdrup transport are computed using the Hellerman–Rosenstein wind stress climatology. The Sverdrup solution varies, however, depending on the wind set used. We examine the differences in the large-scale upper ocean response to different surface momentum forcing fields for the North Atlantic Ocean by comparing the different Sverdrup interior/Munk western boundary layer solutions produced by a 1/16° linear numerical ocean model forced by 11 different wind stress climatologies. Significant differences in the results underscore the importance of careful selection of a wind set for Sverdrup transport calculation and for driving nonlinear models. This high-resolution modeling approach to solving the linear wind-driven ocean circulation problem is a convenient way to discern details of the Sverdrup flow and Munk western boundary layers in areas of complicated geometry such as the Caribbean and Bahamas. In addition, the linear solutions from a large number of wind sets provide a well-understood baseline oceanic response to wind stress forcing and thus, (1) insight into the dynamics of observed circulation features, by themselves and in conjunction with nonlinear models, and (2) insight into nonlinear model sensitivity to the choice of wind-forcing product.The wind stress products are evaluated and insight into the linear dynamics of specific ocean features is obtained by examining wind stress curl patterns in relation to the corresponding high-resolution linear solutions in conjunction with observational knowledge of the ocean circulation. In the Sverdrup/Munk solutions, the Gulf Stream pathway consists of two branches. One separates from the coast at the observed separation point, but penetrates due east in an unrealistic manner. The other, which overshoots the separation point at Cape Hatteras and continues to flow northward along the continental boundary, is required to balance the Sverdrup interior transport. A similar depiction of the Gulf Stream is commonly seen in the mean flow of nonlinear, eddy-resolving basin-scale models of the North Atlantic Ocean. An O(1) change from linear dynamics is required for realistic simulation of the Gulf Stream pathway. Nine of the eleven Sverdrup solutions have a C-shaped subtropical gyre, similar to what is seen in dynamic height contours derived from observations. Three mechanisms are identified that can contribute to this pattern in the Sverdrup transport contours. Along 27°N, several wind sets drive realistic total western boundary current transport (within 10% of observed) when a 14 Sv global thermohaline contribution is added (COADS, ECMWF 10 m re-analysis and operational, Hellerman–Rosenstein and National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) surface stress re-analysis), a few drive transport that is substantially too high (ECMWF 1000 mb re-analysis and operational and Isemer–Hasse) and Fleet Numerical Meteorology and Oceanography Center (FNMOC) surface stresses give linear transport that is slightly weaker than observed. However, higher order dynamics are required to explain the partitioning of this transport between the Florida Straits and just east of the Bahamas (minimal in the linear solutions vs. 5 Sv observed east of the Bahamas). Part of the Azores Current transport is explained by Sverdrup dynamics. So are the basic path of the North Atlantic Current (NAC) and the circulation features within the Intra-Americas Sea (IAS), when a linear rendition of the northward upper ocean return flow of the global thermohaline circulation is added in the form of a Munk western boundary layer.     

“7.15”宜昌大暴雨的地形影响特征

湖北地形复杂,受地形影响产生的局地强降水造成的灾害很多。2010年7月15日宜昌地区的强降水是在满足大尺度降水条件下受地形作用加强的局地暴雨。本文利用实况高空、地面、加密自动站、雷达以及LAPS再分析资料对背景场、低层流场、雷达回波等几个方面进行了分析。得出：冷空气南下和副热带高压的加强促进低层风场的调整,在大尺度降水条件下,地形对低层风场的辐合作用触发了局地强降水的发生。此次过程中地形对降水的触发主要有两方面的作用：一方面为地形迎风坡抬升触发作用,另一方面为地形对近地层流场的影响造成的辐合触发。     

胶东新城金矿地质构造特征及深部找矿方向

新城金矿历经20余年的开采,保有矿量服务年限逐渐减少,影响了矿山可持续发展。Ⅴ号盲矿体的发现,证明了矿床深部具有良好的成矿地质条件,为矿山深部第二富集带找矿提供了依据。本文为胶东金矿成矿规律及矿床深部找矿方向的研究,提供了有重要参考价值的资料。      

水位埋深对菖蒲萌发和幼苗生长的影响

在直径35.5cm、深100cm的试验桶内装填厚度80cm的江沙,选择形态和节数一致的菖蒲根状茎栽种到桶内江沙中,调节并控制试验桶水位埋深,模拟研究湿地水位埋深变化对菖蒲萌发和幼苗生长的影响.为湿地生态系统保育和受损区域植被恢复提供理论依据.试验结果表明:(1)水位埋深对菖蒲萌发和幼苗生长有不同程度的影响,水位埋深为-60cm至-20cm条件下菖蒲皆能萌发,且随着水位埋深减小,萌发率降低.试验70d,-20cm试验组菖蒲萌发率达到90%,分别为-50cm和-60cm试验组的2.25和3倍.而0cm水位埋深条件下,菖蒲不萌发;(2)菖蒲幼苗叶长、叶宽和叶面积随水位埋深减小而减小.各试验组间差异极显著(P<0.01),叶片数量也随水位埋深减小而减小,-20cm和-40cm试验组极显著高于-50cm和-60cm试验组(P<0.01),且-60cm水位埋深严重影响菖蒲幼苗的存活,试验70d后菖蒲幼苗相继死亡;(3)随水位埋深减小,菖蒲幼苗叶片Ch1.a和Ch1.b含量下降,Ch1.a/b升高,类胡萝卜素(Car)含量升高,植物通过形态调节和减少色素含量来减少叶片对光能的捕获;(4)水位埋深过小导致的低土壤水分含量还使菖蒲幼苗叶片细胞膜脂过氧化加剧,细胞质膜透性迅速增大;(5)水位埋深影响菖蒲幼苗叶片快速光响应曲线,水位埋深越小,ETRmax和最小饱和光照强度越低,光响应能力越弱,     

供水管网渗漏分析研究

渗漏管网的流分析是进行供水管网震后功能评价，从而实现在系统层次进行抗震设计的基础。在正常使用阶段，渗漏也是供水管网设计必须考虑的问题。本文介绍了供水管网渗漏分析的两类基本模型，在此基础上，给出了考虑渗漏模型的供水管网流分析的实施步骤。为了比较无渗漏模型和渗漏模型的差异及不同渗漏模型对计算结果的影响，对一典型供水管网进行了无渗漏管网模型的流分析和不同渗漏模型的带渗漏管网的流分析。分析结果表明，合理的渗漏模型是正确评价供水管网服务能力的基础。     

宁夏短期天气预报业务流程

介绍了以宁夏ＭＯＳ预报结果为基本指导产品、结合宁夏气象业务具体情况、通过二次开发建立在微机上的新型短期天气预报业务流程。该流程的建立,使宁夏短期天气预报人员基本摆脱了传统的纸上作业而转向新型的计算机预报平台,使宁夏短期天气预报的自动化水平上了一个新台阶。     

高浓度黏性泥石流堆积层理结构中筛积层和粗化层形成机理的研究

根据高浓度黏性泥石流的观测资料,应用不同类型黏性泥石流的流变特性和流体结构的分类指标-流核比,对高浓度黏性泥石流堆积中的混杂层、筛积层和粗化层理结构进行了成因差异分析。侧重分析了砾石质点在高浓度黏性泥石流蠕动流场中作向上垂直运动的魏森伯效应,并在表面富集形成了筛积层的成因,及其它与粗化层结构的区别。     

四川攀枝花2008年8月31日Ms 5.6地震震源深度的确定

利用四川区域数字地震台网记录,采用滑动时窗相关法识别sPn震相,测定了四川攀枝花2008年8月31日Ms 5.6地震的震源深度.研究结果显示,震源深度为17 km,表明震源位于中上地壳.元谋-绿汁江断裂带上中强地震分布与断裂走向吻合,震源机制解以走滑为主,这些表明此断裂近乎直立.结合此次地震的震源深度,我们推测此断裂可能达到20 km深.