渭河流域地表水可利用量分析计算

地表水可利用量是流域和区域水资源规划的重要指标.本文应用断面过流量减去河道内生态需用水量与河道外难控制利用弃水量,并扣除二者间重复计算量的算法,利用华县、状头两个水文站断面实测和统计数据,分析计算渭河多年平均地表水可利用量为54.91亿～66.33亿m~3/a.     

淮南板集煤矿F512断层导水性分析及地面注浆加固

板集煤矿F512断层落差70m,存在着导通上覆新生界松散层水与下伏太原组岩溶水的威胁,同时,断层带的破碎岩体也将对巷道掘进和支护带来困难。该矿先后施工了3个水文地质钻孔进行抽水和压水试验,根据岩心鉴定成果和岩石RQD值,认为断层带的岩心较为破碎;依据抽水过程中的流量变化、水位降深值和水位恢复值等指标及压水试验中透水率分析,发现该断层的导水性较差,具有弱渗透性。参考相邻矿区的经验,决定对断层破碎岩体采用地面注浆方法进行加固。整个工种注入水泥浆1 600m3,破碎岩体得到了有效加固,巷道掘进顺利通过了F512断层。     

HY-2B扫描微波辐射计海温产品在典型区域的精度验证和分析

“海洋二号B”卫星（HY-2B）于2018年10月25日发射,是我国第二颗海洋动力环境探测卫星,其上搭载有包括扫描微波辐射计（SMR）在内的多个载荷,海表面温度（SST）是SMR的主要产品之一。本文分别利用NOAA提供的iQuam实测海温数据、CORIOLIS卫星WINDSAT反演的海温遥感产品、NCEP模式海温数据,在两个典型区域,对2020年1月1日至2020年12月31日期间的HY-2B/SMR海温产品进行了验证,其中HY-2B/SMR与iQuam实测海温的Bias为0.004℃,RMSE为0.65℃左右,CORR高于0.95。通过进一步分析,由区域A的分析结果揭示出HY-2B/SMR海温产品精度随纬度变化的规律及其原因,同时,由区域B的分析结果揭示出陆地、岛礁以及RFI对海温总体反演精度的影响约为0.1℃。     

电活化硫酸盐处理四环素类废水的研究

本文构建以掺硼金刚石(Boron-doped diamond,BDD)为阳极、不锈钢为阴极、硫酸盐为电解质的电化学体系,考察了电流密度、pH值、硫酸盐浓度以及初始四环素浓度等四个因素对电化学氧化降解废水中四环素的影响,运用响应曲面法对运行参数进行优化;通过电子自旋共振检测技术分析电化学反应中产生的自由基,探究了间歇通电模式下电化学体系持续氧化机理。结果表明,四个因素对TOC去除率的影响大小次序为:电流密度>初始四环素浓度>初始pH值>硫酸盐浓度,其中初始pH值和硫酸盐浓度与电流密度和初始四环素浓度的交互作用对TOC去除率的影响较为显著;最佳运行参数为pH值为5,电流密度为100 mA·cm^-2,硫酸盐浓度为0.25 mol·L^-1,初始四环素浓度为1000 mg·L^-1;间歇通电模式下,BDD电极表面产生的SO₄^·-等高活性物质间相互转化提供了体系的可持续氧化能力。该研究结果为电化学氧化技术的实际应用提供了节省能耗的有效途径。     

九龙江河口表层水体中溶解态多环芳烃及六溴环十二烷的分布特征及来源解析

持久性有机污染物因其与环境和人类健康息息相关而受到国内外研究学者的持续关注。本研究以类持久性有机污染物—多环芳烃(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, PAHs)和新型持久性有机污染物—六溴环十二烷(hexabromocyclododecanes, HBCDs)为研究对象,于2019年1月和2月对九龙江河口表层水体进行了采样分析,采用固相萃取 气质联用(GC MS)方法,分析其表层水体中18种溶解态多环芳烃及3种六溴环十二烷的含量分布特征和组分特征,探究其来源并进行污染评价。结果表明,表层水体中溶解态多环芳烃ΣPAHs含量范围为38.49~256.00 ng/L,各组分以2环和3环为主,4环次之,5环及以上仅有个别站位检出,其来源以石油源为主,主要来源于石油类化石燃料燃烧。HBCDs的含量范围为ND~49.951 ng/L,以α HBCD为主,γ HBCD次之,β HBCD最少。与国内外其他港湾及流域相比,九龙江河口PAHs含量依然处于较高水平,HBCDs含量则处于相对较低水平。     

高黎贡山羚牛生境适宜性评价及廊道建设

以高黎贡山羚牛为研究对象,选取了植被类型、植被覆盖度、海拔、坡度、水源、土地覆被、主要道路、居民点8个影响因子,基于GIS技术,构建阻力面,从而探测多因子影响作用下高黎贡山羚牛适宜生境。结果表明：区域内羚牛的适宜生境面积整体占比较少,适宜区域主要分布在研究区的中西部及西南地区,在北部区域也有零散分布。羚牛的迁徙受到人类活动的干扰及道路阻隔的影响,其生境遭到一定程度的破坏。结合现有羚牛栖息地分布及最小阻力模型,建立区域内羚牛的生态廊道,结果显示：廊道主要分布于高黎贡山保护区南段、马边瓦底中段、子巴、俄恰沙迪、马士打亚窟、其期北段、四克洛娃俎及木当一带。     

‘We are at the mercy of the floods!’ : Extreme weather events,disrupted mobilities,and everyday navigation in urban Ghana

This paper examines how extreme weather events affect the mobility of low-income urban residents in Ghana. Bringing together scholarship on extreme weather and mobilities, it explores the differential impact of flooding on their everyday lives as they navigate the cities of Accra and Tamale. A range of qualitative methods were drawn on, including semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions, and follow-along-participant observations in selected communities of both cities. Three key themes emerged: disrupted road and transport infrastructure, everyday mobility challenges, and coping/adaptive strategies. In flooding conditions, residents experienced difficulties leaving/returning home, engaging in income-generating activities, and accessing transport services and other key urban infrastructure. Conceptually, the paper reveals how disruption to urban residents’ daily movements and activities (re)produces new forms of mobilities and immobilities, which have three relational elements: postponed, improvised and assisted. Throughout the analysis, we show how these mobilities/immobilities vary by age and gender: all urban residents, (though women in particular), experience postponed mobility; young people especially engage in improvised mobility; and children and the elderly are in greatest need of assisted mobility. The paper thus contributes to scholarship on extreme weather events and mobility by providing a more spatially nuanced understanding of the multi-faceted domains in which flooding, socio-economic conditions and adaptive strategies intersect to influence urban mobility in resource poor settings.     

协同多时相波谱特征的不透水面信息级联提取

不透水面作为反应城市表征变化和区域城镇化的重要技术指标,其位置、图斑大小、空间分布等信息在地表水热循环和能量平衡等领域被广泛需求。传统方法大都基于单一时相信息提取不透水面,而忽略多时相所蕴含的丰富信息。因此,本文提出多时相信息融合的不透水面级联提取方法,利用Landsat-8 OLI遥感影像分析归一化植被指数（Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, NDVI）、改进的归一化水体指数（Modified Normalized Difference Water Index, MNDWI）和归一化建筑指数（Normalized Difference Building Index, NDBI）年内时序变化特点和典型地物间多时相波谱曲线的协同特征,并归纳不透水面多时相变化规律;再根据先验知识所获取的有效地表信息,进行多时相分级提取不透水面信息。此外,基于实地考察数据和同期2 m GF-1遥感影像屏幕数字化生成30 m不透水面图斑,进行精度验证、分析和对比单时相、四季相及多时相3种时序情况下的提取精度。结果表明：单时相提取不透水面总精度最低,四季相提取精度优于单时相,而多时相提取精度最高（精度可达93.66%,Kappa系数为0.81）。本方法在偏远城镇不透水面的有效识别中显露潜在优势,可为不透水面提取方法融合时序波谱特征提供新思路。     

Numerical simulation for settlement urban tunnel construction

The excavation for the municipal tunnel will disturb the soil around the tunnel, and the deformation and subsidence of the earth surface always take place, which may lead to instability and even collapse for the building above the tunnel. At the same time the deformation and subsidence of the earth surface affect the normal use of underground municipal pipelines, and may cause the road sudden collapse, leading to significantly traffic accidents. The authors did a research by simulating for the excavation of municipal tunnel and designed the related supporting plan, and put forward some suggestions and measures for the design and construction of urban tunnel.     

Terrestrial surface-area increment: the effects of topography,DEM resolution,and algorithm

The area increment of land surface compared with its projected area is an effect of topographic relief and is also a source of environmental variations. To examine the effects of topography and data resolution on surface area calculation, we calculated incremental area coefficients (IACs), based on two different algorithms, for a DEM of China at a series of spatial resolutions. Sampling the DEM with a regional network of 50?km?×?50?km cell size, we explored the relationships among the two IACs and topographic features. Both IACs studied were exponential functions of resolution. At 30-m resolution, the IACs were 4.31 and 4.89% over China, respectively. The largest increment for a 50?km?×?50?km cell was >45%. Between the IACs there was a linear relationship that varied with DEM resolution. Hierarchical variation partitioning revealed that the factors included contributed in a very similar percentage composition to the two IACs, mean slope (37.5 or 38.7%) and standard deviation of slope (22.3 or 19.6%) at local scale dominated the area increment, followed by regional elevation range. Data resolution contributed about 10%, while the deviation of slope exposure only had minimal (1.4 or 1.7%) impact on surface-area increment. For a specific type of geomorphology, a threshold resolution of DEM can be determined, below which the surface-area increment (i.e., IAC) is negligible. Our results provided the first comprehensive estimate of the contributions of the topographic features, DEM resolution, and algorithms for the surface-area increment, and indicated the scale-related properties and potential environmental consequences of topographic heterogeneity in various estimates of natural resources and ecosystem functions when area needs to be taken into account.