The Flood Risk in Cairns

The Cairns region, on the north tropical coast of Queensland, forms part of the wettestarea in Australia, with mean annual rainfalls of 2,000 to 4,000 mm. During the summerand early autumn months, intense rainfalls associated with cyclones and other tropicalweather influences persist for several days, and can produce severe flooding in theBarron, Mulgrave and Russell Rivers and smaller drainage systems. There is oftensome loss of life and the damage to buildings, transport infrastructure, sugar cane andother agricultural crops can easily exceed 100 million. Very high intensity rainfallsover shorter periods, only a few hours, also present a significant urban flash flood risk,as happened at Townsville City, some 300 km to the south of Cairns, in January 1998.Despite the use of good floodplain management practices in recent decades, the combinedrisk of severe river floods and urban drainage floods is relatively high when comparedwith the other more damaging, but less frequent, natural hazards.     

SATELLITE MICROWAVE REMOTE SENSING OF FLOODING

The ability of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Microwave Imager (TMI) for flooding and soil wetness detection has been demonstrated in this study.On the basis of TMI measurements,four methods,the classification method,the soil wetness index (SWI) method. the polarization difference index (PDI) method,and the polarization ratio index (PRI) method, were brought out to monitor flooding and study soil wetness in the Changjiang and Huaihe River Basins during the summer 1998.Compared with the images provided by L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (L-SAR) and Radar Satellite (Radarsat) and the figures derived from daily rainfall data based on the Z-index method,the detection of flooding and soil wetness by TMI was proved to be feasible.     

2003年度我国天气气候特点

2003年度(2002年12月至2003年11月)，我国天气气候特点是：降水总体偏多，气温总体偏高。全国年度平均降水量较常年值偏多33．9mm，但降水分布不均，北方地区明显偏多，南方地区则异常偏少。淮河流域汛期、黄河中下游秋季发生严重洪涝；东北春季、南方夏秋均出现大范围干旱。全国年度平均气温比常年值偏高0．6℃，已连续7年高于常年，尤其南方地区气温偏高明显。2003年度我国气象灾害较频繁，其中干旱、暴雨洪涝、高温、低温连阴雨、冰雹等造成的损失相对较大。     

开鲁盆地陆西凹陷下白垩统层序地层学和油气评价

开鲁盆地陆西凹陷是一个典型的中生代单断箕状盆地,充填了厚达3000余米的下白垩统并表现出良好的沉积旋回特征.依据钻井取心资料、测井和地震资料以及分析化验资料,将下白垩统划分成周期为4～6 Ma的3个沉积层序并总结了层序边界和体系域边界的识别标志.考虑箕状盆地结构、构造活动特征以及沉积物供源方式,分别论述了盆地陡坡、深洼和缓坡的层序地层样式,指出不同地形区的层序地层叠置样式主控因素是有差异的.依据盆地缓坡地形变化带,可以将一个沉积层序细分成低位、湖侵和高位体系域.研究区层序Ⅲ高位和低位体系域富含油气资源,是今后寻找隐蔽圈闭的主要层段。     

水灰炭地层各孔隙度中子随能量时间分布MonteCarlo模拟

作者在MCNP的基础上，开发了中子测井，中子通量随能量、时间分布蒙特卡罗（MC）模拟软件包，对裸眼井、井眼里无下井仪器、淡水饱和灰岩地层、井眼注淡水，用该软件计算了井轴和井壁一确定点,各孔隙度中子量通量，时间分布。即孔隙度对中子通量随量、时间分布和热中子、超热中子时间谱的影响。     

太湖流域洪涝灾害的历史根源及治水方略

太湖流域渲泄不畅的排洪格局,形成于明清,根源在南宋,它是造成洪涝灾害的因素之一.因而“以泄为主、泄蓄并举”应成为太湖流域的治水方略.     

中原文209井区高温高盐油藏聚合物驱室内实验的评价

聚合物驱作为油田开发晚期的一种重要的技术手段,得到了大规模的推广应用。但是目前聚合物驱主要用于中低温、中低盐油藏,而对于很多高温高盐的油田应用比较少,因此,开展适合于高温高盐油藏聚合物的室内实验研究,进而拓宽聚合物驱的应用领域,实现聚合物在高温高盐油藏的实际应用,为聚合物驱在高温高盐油藏的应用和推广提供了技术和实践依据有着非常重要的意义。     

泾河近代洪水沉积物粒度特征分析

泾河是渭河的第一大支流,也是渭河下游和黄河潼关以下洪水的主要来源,洪枯变化量大,通过采集泾河S-剖面27个河漫滩样品,用Mastersizer 2000型激光粒度仪对其0.1~1 000 μm范围内的粒度进行分析,并根据Folk和Ward的概率公式计算出各种粒度参数。结果显示,泾河S-剖面沉积物指示了至少8次洪水的信息。剖面粒度组成以粉砂为主,其中粗粉砂不仅含量高,而且含量变化很好的对应了洪水变化阶段,可以作为泾河洪水大小的标志性粒级。     

The impact of upland land management on flooding: results from an improved pasture hillslope

In response to growing concern about impacts of upland agricultural land management on flood risk, an intensely instrumented experimental catchment has been established at Pontbren, a sheep‐farmed headwater catchment of the River Severn, UK. Primary aims are to develop understanding of the processes governing flood generation and the associated impacts of land management practices, and to bridge the gap between process understanding and ability to predict effects on downstream flooding. To achieve this, the experiment is designed to operate at plot (～100 m²), hillslope (～0·1 km²) and small catchment scale (～10 km²). Hillslope‐scale data, from an under‐drained, agriculturally ‘improved’ pasture, show that drain flow is a dominant runoff process. However, depending on antecedent moisture conditions, overland flow may exceed drain flow rates and can be an important contributor to peak flow runoff at the hillslope‐scale. Flow, soil tension data and tracer tests confirm the importance of macropores and presence of perched water tables under ‘normal’ wet conditions. Comparisons of pasture runoff with that from within a 10 year‐old tree shelterbelt show significantly reduced overland flow due to the presence of trees and/or absence of sheep. Comparisons of soil hydraulic properties show significant increases in hydraulic conductivity and saturated moisture content of soil under trees compared to adjacent improved pasture. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

中国洪涝灾害与泥沙关系

综合分析近几十年中国洪涝灾害的增加与泥沙之间的关系,划分出４种泥沙影响水灾的形式,阐明泥沙加重洪涝灾害的机理。基于对泥沙与洪涝灾害关系的认识,提出我国洪涝灾害治理的可能途径和存在的问题。