Riparian alder fens — Source or sink for nutrients and dissolved organic carbon? — 1. Effects of water level fluctuations

The biogeochemistry of riparian alder wetlands was studied from 1995 to 1997. Nutrient and DOC chemistry was related to water level changes. The spatial and temporal patterns of nutrients (P and N) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) were measured in the surface water flowing through a riparian alder fen and in the adjacent creek. Nutrient and DOC concentrations were extremely variable temporally but not spatially within the wetland. In the wetland and the adjacent creek concentrations of NO₃-N, PO₄-P and DOC were homogenous during high-flow periods and frozen conditions. After low-flow conditions water bodies were isolated from the creek. The concentration of NH₄-N, PO₄-P and DOC in these isolated water bodies was significantly higher than in the adjacent creeks due to low oxygen levels.

Enclosures of different sizes were installed in the wetland to study possible release rates. A large enclosure experiment in the flooded alder fen showed the same concentrations as after high-flood conditions except for DOC. The DOC concentrations were enriched in the large enclosure after decomposition from leaf litter during fall season. Small enclosures with low oxygen levels confirmed data obtained from low-flow conditions. The release rates were calculated for low-flow conditions from small enclosure experiments for 2 months a year when the alder fen is not flooded. The rates for July and August were 11.6 kg/ha NH₄-N, 8.6 kg/ha PO₄-P and 57.6 kg/ha DOC. The DOC concentrations for fall estimated from the large enclosure-experiments were 168.2 kg/ha for the months September and October.

This means possible output rates of N, P and DOC during the summer and DOC during fall in the adjacent river system. This can cause eutrophication and organic pollution depending on the length of the low-flow conditions and the size of the alder fen. Water level changes must be regarded as important for the management of riparian wetlands such as alder fens. The riparian alder system may vary from a nutrient sink to a nutrient source at different times of a year depending on high or low water levels.     

油田开发后期扇三角洲前缘微相分析及应用

储层的微相砂体类型、几何规模特征及分布规律是分析地下油水运动规律和调整注采井网的基础。充分利用密闭取心、密井网等资料 ,精细剖析了双河油田扇三角洲前缘储层沉积微相及其分布。在扇三角洲前缘主要发育水下分流河道、河口坝、前缘席状砂体、重力流砂体、水下溢岸砂体 5种微相砂体。微相砂体形状、规模及空间分布决定了注采井网对油层的控制程度和完善程度 ,微相类型及其分布控制着油水井的产液及吸水能力 ,控制着注入水的地下运动方式 ,因此利用沉积微相的研究成果 ,找准剩余油富集区 ,调整和部署注采井网 ,可以在生产中取得较好的效果     

高岭石与碱性驱替剂间作用的实验研究

用Ｔｅｆｌｏｎ惰性反应器在２５℃、５０℃、和７５℃的条件下，以１ｇ／２０ｍｌ的固／液比，研究了高岭石与各三个浓度的两种碱性驱替剂间（Ｎａ２ＣＯ３和ＮａＯＨ）的作用，反应时间为０～６００ｈ，对反应后液相中的硅、铝元素浓度参数和固相物质分别进行了分光光度法和Ｘ－射线衍射（ＸＲＤ）检测，弄清了实验研究参数与液相参数和高岭石相变的关系，得出了高岭石在ＮａＯＨ溶液中存在非一致性的溶蚀趋势。高岭石在碱液中会发生溶蚀，进而可生成方钠石。此研究增加了对碱驱的认识，对提高原油采收率是一项有意义的研究工作。     

Steps Towards the Implementation of a Tsunami Detection, Warning, Mitigation and Preparedness Program for Southwestern Coastal Areas of Mexico

The highly vulnerable Pacific southwest coast of Mexico has been repeatedly affected by local, regional and remote source tsunamis. Mexico presently has no national tsunami warning system in operation. The implementation of key elements of a National Program on Tsunami Detection, Monitoring, Warning and Mitigation is in progress. For local and regional events detection and monitoring, a prototype of a robust and low cost high frequency sea-level tsunami gauge, sampling every minute and equipped with 24 hours real time transmission to the Internet, was developed and is currently in operation. Statistics allow identification of low, medium and extreme hazard categories of arriving tsunamis. These categories are used as prototypes for computer simulations of coastal flooding. A finite-difference numerical model with linear wave theory for the deep ocean propagation, and shallow water nonlinear one for the near shore and interaction with the coast, and non-fixed boundaries for flooding and recession at the coast, is used. For prevention purposes, tsunami inundation maps for several coastal communities, are being produced in this way. The case of the heavily industrialized port of Lázaro Cárdenas, located on the sand shoals of a river delta, is illustrated; including a detailed vulnerability assessment study. For public education on preparedness and awareness, printed material for children and adults has been developed and published. It is intended to extend future coverage of this program to the Mexican Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico coastal areas.     

Recent evolution of surge-related events and assessment of coastal flooding risk on the eastern coasts of the English Channel

This paper is based on statistical analysis of hourly tide measurements for some 285 equivalent full years from the stations of Weymouth, Bournemouth, Portsmouth, Newhaven, Dover and Sheerness in the UK, and of Cherbourg, Le Havre, Dieppe, Boulogne, Calais and Dunkirk in France. For each tidal value, surge heights have been determined and correlated with hourly or three-hourly wind and air pressure data from nearby meteorological stations. Major surges in the area are generally produced by storms associated with wind from north-west or south-west that tend to push oceanic water into the Channel. Recent medium-term climate evolution does not seem to increase the flooding risk at French stations, where surge-related winds tend to decrease in frequency and speed (Cherbourg, Dieppe and Boulogne) or show little change (Le Havre). However, the long-term risk of flooding will increase through the loss in land elevation due to a continuation of the local relative sea-level rise, especially if this effect will be enhanced by an acceleration in the global sea-level rise predicted by climatic models. The northern side of the Channel (Weymouth, Bournemouth and Portsmouth) is mainly exposed to southerly winds that show variable trends. It is also apparently affected by strong subsidence trends during the last two decades. If lasting, such trends can only increase long-term flooding risk. The flooding risk has not increased near the eastern end of the Channel. The duration of significant cyclonic events tends to decrease near Cherbourg but tends to increase near Weymouth, with no conclusive trends in other stations (Portsmouth, Calais and Dunkirk), where extreme surges may occur also in relatively high-air-pressure situations. In conclusion, medium-term coastal flooding risk seems to increase especially at Weymouth, Bournemouth and Portsmouth, and also, but less so, at Le Havre and Sheerness. In addition, few extreme surges occurred during the last decades at the time of spring high tide, which would seem to be a fortunate coincidence or, in some cases, an effect of tide–surge interaction. The risk of occurrence of less favourable random events in the near future is therefore of concern, and flood potential would greatly increase if the global sea-level rise expected in the near future is also considered.     

洪泛作用下沼泽湿地化学元素空间分布结构研究

以无尾河下游漫流区-洪泛沼泽湿地为研究对象，根据不同水力梯度洪泛作用淹水频率的差异，在距主河道不同距离处分层采集沉积物样品，对其中K、Na、Ca、Mg、Cu、Zn、Fe、Mn、Cr、Ni、Co、Pb、TOC、TN、pH空间变化规律进行分析探讨。结果显示，多数化学元素含量随距河道距离的增加和采样层深度的增加而降低。距离河流越远化学元素含量在垂直方向上的分布越均衡，变化的幅度减小。说明随着距主河道距离的增加，洪泛作用对沉积剖面中110cm以内各深度层次上的化学元素含量的影响在变小。对金属元素及部分理化参数的相关分析表明其间的相关性较显。     

采用TIPEX科学试验资料对1998年7月长江特大暴雨系统的梅雨期区域边界水汽输送模型及其数值试验

采用1998年第二次青藏高原大气科学实验(TIPEX)现场观测资料,包括加密探地面与探空观测、系留气球资料及遥感和高原试验中的中日合作研究(GAME/Tibet)基地Doppler雷达资料对青藏高原上空发展的积云对流系统及其生成和移动进行监测,讨论了与1998年长江下游暴雨的关系。结果表明:1)卫星云图动态分析及TBB资料制作的Hovmoller时空剖面分析表明,1998年7月下旬的长江暴雨洪水系统可追溯到高原。2)对上述TBB分析的云团在安多站过境时段(7月18-19日)进行Doppler跟踪,Doppler雷达回波跟踪分析揭示出,这种在高原中部地区发展和东移、加强的回波十分频繁。TIPEX多种仪器联合观测资料的综合分析可捕捉高原对流系统的生消和移动轨迹,对诊断预测高原系统对其下游的影响很有价值。3)综合分析上述TIPEX同时段地面和高空加密观测报告的时空剖面发现,高原腹地区(那曲地区)对流云系频繁发展,与准静止的地面风场辐合的维持有关。高原地面风场的动力辐合、高原上空风场垂直切变以及高原西风增湿过程所提供的高原水汽输送对1998年长江暴雨的发展与加强起重要作用。4)对高原水汽垂直分布的中尺度过滤分析发现,高原水汽的高值与低值随时间的交替变化,清楚地揭示了生命史为几小时的次天气尺度的波动。高原中尺度波动东移的揭示进     

海温异常对东亚夏季风及长江流域降水影响的分析及数值试验

对夏季的向外长波辐射(OLR)场及前期热带海温之间的奇异值分解(SVD)分析表明,当自前冬开始的热带海温呈La Nia 型异常分布,相应的对流的最佳耦合模态将是:从印度半岛经孟加拉湾直至南海以及西太平洋暖池都为强对流活动区,而在中国江淮流域地区则为弱区.当海温呈El Nio分布时,则相反.数值试验的结果是:在1998年实际海温强迫下,模式十分成功地模拟了该年夏季流场的基本特征,南海季风爆发的日期及强度皆与实际十分符合,印度季风也偏弱.特别是模式成功地模拟出了1998年长江流域6～7月的强降水,距平百分率达到100%以上.改变热带海温,分别用气候海温代替赤道东太平洋和西印度洋实际海温.结果发现,在用赤道东太平洋气候海温取代实际海温时,与1998年实况相比,印度季风与南海季风明显加强,长江流域降水趋于正常值.即如果1998年不出现El Nio现象,或者海温异常的强度减弱,则长江流域降水就会大大减弱.1998年热带西印度洋海温异常对东亚季风的影响与热带东太平洋十分相像.暖洋面将有利于长江流域的强降水,而不利于南海季风的加强.关键词:海面温度;长江流域;洪涝;南海季风;数值试验     

The Flood Risk in Cairns

The Cairns region, on the north tropical coast of Queensland, forms part of the wettestarea in Australia, with mean annual rainfalls of 2,000 to 4,000 mm. During the summerand early autumn months, intense rainfalls associated with cyclones and other tropicalweather influences persist for several days, and can produce severe flooding in theBarron, Mulgrave and Russell Rivers and smaller drainage systems. There is oftensome loss of life and the damage to buildings, transport infrastructure, sugar cane andother agricultural crops can easily exceed 100 million. Very high intensity rainfallsover shorter periods, only a few hours, also present a significant urban flash flood risk,as happened at Townsville City, some 300 km to the south of Cairns, in January 1998.Despite the use of good floodplain management practices in recent decades, the combinedrisk of severe river floods and urban drainage floods is relatively high when comparedwith the other more damaging, but less frequent, natural hazards.