图像获取条件对SPOT景像的影响

图像获取条件对ＳＰＯＴ景像的构成有极大影响，也直接影响对ＳＰＯＴ图像的处理方法。ＳＰＯＴ图像的辅助数据在解析或数字处理中有重要应用。本文对ＳＰＯＴ卫星与视点间的地心角、节距角ω卫星与视点的纬度差异、景像方位角Ｔ、景像尺寸和ＳＰＯＴ图像格网参考系统ＧＲＳ中（Ｋ，Ｊ）与（λ， Ｂ）换算公式进行了推证和分析，并以ＳＰＯＴ辅助数据验证了（Ｋ，Ｊ）与（λ，Ｂ）换算的精度。     

An equal area conversion model for rasterization of vector polygons

Vector-raster conversion is one of the classic research topics in the field of Geographical Information Systems (GIS). The algorithms commonly used in GIS are devoted to maintaining the vector polygons' shape characteristics, but neglect the gain and loss of a polygon's area, which is another important attribute. This paper proposes an equal-area conversion model based on an area compensation optimization principle. According to the topological relationship among polygons and boundary grids, a neighborhood compensation principle was adopted to assign the attributes of boundary grids and a global optimization algorithm was developed to minimize area distortion in the whole data set. Two experiments were designed and the results indicated that this algorithm not only guaranteed the area error is as small as possible, but also has the advantage as being adaptive to polygon shape and spatial structure.     

Scalar advection schemes for ocean modelling on unstructured triangular grids

Several schemes for scalar advection on unstructured triangular grids are assessed for possible use in ocean modelling applications. Finite element, finite volume and finite volume–element approaches are evaluated. A series of tests, including a numerical order of convergence analysis, idealized rotating cone and cylinder experiments, and transport of a tracer through the Stommel Gyre representation of ocean basin-scale circulation, are carried out. Volume element Eulerian–Lagrangian and third-order Runge-Kutta discontinuous Galerkin schemes are recommended for use in tracer studies. Taylor–Galerkin and second-order Runge–Kutta discontinuous Galerkin are found to be robust and accurate second-order schemes. When positivity is required, a fluctuation redistribution scheme was found to be an easily implemented, accurate, and computationally efficient approach. Responsible editor: Phil Dyke     

The effect of interpolation methods in surface definition: an experimental study

Mappings of the earth surface and their representation in 3D (three‐dimensional) models are commonly used in most recent research. Modeling research, which starts with classical surveying methods, acquires new dimensions matching the modern technologies. 3D models of any object or earth surface can be used in much visual and scientific research. A digital model of the landscape is an important part within creation of geo‐information systems used in the public administration and in the commercial sphere. It is an important tool in applications such as geomorphology, hydrology, geology, cartography, ecology, mining etc. Values of volume in terrains that do not have regular geometric structure can be obtained more accurately by using 3D models of surfaces with respect to developing technology. Basic data of 3D models must indicate 3D coordinates of the surveyed object in the reference frame. Distribution and intensity of points are important factors in modeling earth surfaces. A minimum number of points is desired in defining an object in 3D. Interpolation methods employing different mathematical models are used to obtain 3D models of terrain surfaces. In this study, the effect of interpolation methods in defining a terrain surface is investigated. For this purpose, a uniform surface, hill‐shaped artificial object with a known volume is employed. The 3D surface and volume are calculated by using 12 different interpolation methods. Point distribution, point intensity and accuracy of point measurements are not considered. The same data set was used for all the interpolation methods. The interpolation methods are compared and evaluated based on the results. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

利用二维DLT及光束法平差进行数字摄像机标定

利用共线方程和二维DLT之间的对应关系导出了由二维DLT的8个参数表达的主纵线方程式，讨论了主点初值和求解方法，给出了单张像片摄像机参数分解不惟一性及临界序列的证明，详细推导了利用二维DLT参数分解摄像机外方位元素初值的实用算法，论述了利用光束法平差进行摄像机标定的数学模型，实际图像数据实验取得了很好的结果，验证了本文所提出的摄像机标定算法的可行性。     

河南朱庄金矿区化探规则测网的布设方法

运用导线分层次逐步布设控制点，测距与视距测量相结合布设基测点的方法，解决通视困难的金矿区布设土壤地球化学测量规则测网效率不高，精度低的问题，使用该方法，数据大大减少，便于计算机随机运算，检查，平差，也便于随时发现问题随时纠正，在河南朱庄金矿区1：1万土壤地球化学测量工作中，各项技术指标均符合规范要求，与传统方法相比，节约一半以上工期，返工率低，该方法建立在有先进的测量仪器和先进的计算工具基础上，仪器越先进，方法的优势越明显。     

岩体与锚固体间粘结强度的确定

在预应力锚索设计参数的确定中，岩体与锚固体间粘结强度的确定是其十分重要的环节。现有的确定方法大多基于经验与现场试验的结合，费时费工，故有必要根据已有的试验资料确定一种定量方法。通过对国内30余例工程的统计分析表明，岩体与锚固体的粘强度不仅与岩石单轴抗压强度有关，还与内锚固段裂隙的分布与性质有关。通过室内外试验进一步建立了适合国内岩体质量指标确定的粘结强度经验公式与内锚段长度设计系数的图系，同时，也可为岩锚加固数值仿真提供经验判据。实例计算表明，所提供的确定方法与岩锚试验结果较为吻合。     

The “peeling” method to process apparent resistivity data for earthquake precursory monitoring

Considering the fact that there is only one pair of fixed potential poles in one direction used to monitor the resistivity changes under the observatory station which may indicate process of earthquake preparation, based on the precondition that the resistivity structure is 1-dimensional under the observatory station, and by way of equivalent model put forward by the authors, this paper suggests a kind of method trying to separate the resistivity changes in deep layers from that of the shallow layer. Analysis shows that, to obtain the same measured data with the same array, any a multi-layered geo-electrical structure can be equivalently taken as a two-layered one, we call it equivalent model. In this paper, the resistivity and thickness of the upper layer of the equivalent model are equal to that of the first layer of the original one, the resistivity of the lower layer of the equivalent model is obtained with calculation according to the requirement of equivalence, its value is relevant with the resistivities and thicknesses of all layer of the original model except for the first one, so the resistivity change of the equivalent layer can indicate the synthetic effect of variation of all layers of the original model except for the first one. The primary research results show that this method can work well. Foundation item: Chinese Joint Seismological Science Foundation (100146).     

Partial melting in the Inzie Head gneisses: the role of water and a petrogenetic grid in KFMASH applicable to anatectic pelitic migmatites

A sequence of prograde isograds is recognized within the Dalradian Inzie Head gneisses where pelitic compositions have undergone variable degrees of partial melting via incongruent melting reactions consuming biotite. Three leucosome types are identified. At the lowest grades, granitic leucosomes containing porphyroblasts of cordierite (CRD‐melt) are abundant. At intermediate grades, CRD‐melt mingles with garnetiferous leucosomes (GT‐melt). At the highest grades, CRD‐melt coexists with orthopyroxene‐bearing leucosomes (OPX‐melt), while garnet is conspicuously absent. The prograde metamorphic field gradient is constrained to pressures of 2–3 kbar below the CRD‐melt isograd, and no greater than 4.5 kbar at the highest grade around Inzie Head. A petrogenetic grid, calculated using thermocalc , is presented for the K₂O–FeO–MgO–Al₂O₃–SiO₂–H₂O (KFMASH) system for the phases orthopyroxene, garnet, cordierite, biotite, sillimanite, H₂O and melt with quartz and K‐feldspar in excess. For the implied field gradient, the reaction sequence predicted by the grid is consistent with the successive prograde development of each leucosome type. Compatibility diagrams suggest that, as anatexis proceeded, bulk compositions may have been displaced towards higher MgO content by the removal of (relatively) ferroan granitic leucosome. An isobaric (P = 4 kbar) T–a_H2O diagram shows that premigmatization fluids must have been water‐rich (a_H2O > 0.85) and suggests that, following the formation of small volumes of CRD‐melt, the system became fluid‐absent and melting reactions buffered a_H2O to lower values as temperatures rose. GT‐ and OPX‐melt formed by fluid‐absent melting reactions, but a maximum of 7–11% CRD‐melt fraction can be generated under fluid‐absent conditions, much less than the large volumes observed in the field. There is strong evidence that the CRD‐melt leucosomes could not have been derived by buoyantly aided upwards migration from levels beneath the migmatites. Their formation therefore required a significant influx of H₂O‐rich fluid, but in a quantity insufficient to have exhausted the buffering capacity of the solid assemblage plus melt. Fluid : rock ratios cannot have exceeded 1 : 30. The fluid was channelled through a regionally extensive shear zone network following melt‐induced failure. Such an influx of fluid at such depths has obvious consequences for localized crustal magma production and possibly for cordierite‐bearing granitoids in general.     

依据密度测井资料评估煤层的含气量

煤层甲烷长期以来认为是对采煤工作的危害，只是近十多年来才被认为是一种潜在的能源。煤层不仅是甲烷的储层，而且是甲烷的源岩。煤的物理结构是一种双重孔隙结构，即煤层中含有由基质孔隙和裂缝孔隙组成的孔隙系统。煤层中的气（甲烷）主要吸附在基质孔隙的内表面，是吸附气，而不是存在于骨架粒间的孔隙空间内，因而传统的评价天然气储层含气量的方法虽然不能适合于评估煤层的气含量。本文利用密度测井资料和煤样煤质化验资料确定