3维激光扫描技术在石窟保护中的应用研究

高精度3维激光扫描技术的出现,为建立一套覆盖完整、细节清晰、视觉效果突出、数据真实准确的数字石窟提供了可能。云冈石窟3维数字化工作就是将3维激光扫描技术应用到石窟的制作,利用激光测距原理,以最精细、最合理的技术手段记录石窟的密集点的3维坐标、反射率和纹理等信息,完整保留全面、准确、细致的3维数据,进而复建出石窟的3维模型及线、面、体等各种数据,将云冈石窟清晰地展现出来。     

On generalised and specialised spatial information grids: are geo-services ready?

Abstract

After the set-up of a spatial data infrastructure (SDI) and a national information infrastructure (NII) in many countries, the provision of geo-services became one of the most important and attractive tasks. With the integration of global positioning system (GPS), geographic information system (GIS) and remote sensing (RS), we can, in principle, answer any geo-spatial related question: when and where what object has which changes? An intelligent geo-service agent could provide end-users with the most necessary information in the shortest time and at the lowest cost. Unfortunately there is still a long way to go to achieve such goals. The central component in such geo-services is the integration of the spatial information system with a computing grid via wire- and wireless communication networks. This paper will mainly discuss the grid technology and its integration with spatial information technology, expounding potential problems and possible resolutions. A novel categorising of information grids in the context of geo-spatial information is proposed: generalised and specialised spatial information grids.     

一种基于紫外极光图像的亚暴膨胀期起始时刻的自动检测方法

准确界定亚暴起始时刻是理解亚暴相关问题的关键.已有研究主要集中在两方面:一是从极光图像中人工挑选亚暴事件进行案例分析或统计分析来研究亚暴发生机制及亚暴期间的地磁环境;二是基于一些空间物理参数,如AE指数、SME(SuperMAG electrojet)指数、Pi2、正弯扰等,采用人眼判断或是模式识别的方法从中找出亚暴起始时刻.本文尝试采用模式识别的方法从紫外极光图像中自动地检测出亚暴膨胀期起始时刻.首先,将紫外极光图像通过网格化处理转换到磁地方时-地磁纬度(MLT-MLAT)直角坐标下,然后通过模糊c均值聚类方法提取亮斑,再考察亮斑强度是否增强、面积是否极向膨胀来判断是不是亚暴事件.本文方法在1996年12月-1997年2月这三个月的Polar卫星紫外极光图像上进行了实验验证.我们将检测到的亚暴起始时刻与Liou(J. Geophys. Res., 2010, 115: A12219)的人工标记进行了对比,并详细分析了与标记不一致的多检和漏检事件.本文提出的自动检测方法可以快速地从海量紫外极光图像中完成亚暴事件的初步筛选,方便研究人员进一步深入研究极光亚暴.     

全球六边形离散格网数据的三维可视化方法

针对全球六边形离散格网的三维显示化方法开展研究,设计了一种六边形格网的空间层次结构(hexagonalquaternary balanced structure,HQBS),采用四位码元对格网单元进行编码,定义并实现了格网向量的基本运算,利用这些运算可以方便地实现格网单元的空间索引。在此基础上还研究了全球离散格网的动态生成与显示算法、可视化区域裁剪等相关内容。试验表明:全球格网动态生成的效率110～370单元/ms之间,加载空间数据后,格网数据和空间数据逐层加载的时间在300 ms左右,能够保证加载空间数据后的显示刷新率在20帧/s左右。     

利用数值投影变换构建全球六边形离散格网

本文针对全球离散格网构建过程中从平面格网到球面格网的关键步骤进行讨论,提出了一种新型的评价球面离散格网几何属性最优化的目标函数,使用遗传算法优化,得到了球面上有限层次内最优化条件下的直接剖分格网。利用有限层次内最优化格网提供的控制点数据,结合数值投影变换理论,成功地构建了几何属性更加均匀的全球六边形离散格网系统。实验表明,相对于现有Snyder等积投影建立的全球格网,在格网单元的均匀度上更优;在运算效率方面,速度大约是Snyder投影的2.5-3倍。     

A novel identifier scheme for the ISEA Aperture 3 Hexagon Discrete Global Grid System

ABSTRACT

Geospatial data is often spatially aggregated by the use of Discrete Global Grid Systems. References to grid cells are needed for the communication of such data, and different identifier schemes have accordingly been introduced in literature. These schemes suffer, however, from being hard to understand for non-experts, and the geometry of a cell cannot be inferred from its identifier without complex computations. In this article, a novel identifier scheme that encodes the geographic coordinates of the centroid of a cell is proposed, which comes at the cost of potentially being ambiguous in case of a very fine-grained grid. We reason and computationally demonstrate that ambiguity does though not occur for real-world applications. The novel identifier scheme minimizes the amount of data to be communicated, for example, between a server and a client application, and it allows to infer approximate geometries of the cells only by their identifiers.     

A Positivity-preserving Conservative Semi-Lagrangian Multi-moment Global Transport Model on the Cubed Sphere

A positivity-preserving conservative semi-Lagrangian transport model by multi-moment finite volume method has been developed on the cubed-sphere grid. Two kinds of moments(i.e., point values(PV moment) at cell interfaces and volume integrated average(VIA moment) value) are defined within a single cell. The PV moment is updated by a conventional semi-Lagrangian method, while the VIA moment is cast by the flux form formulation to assure the exact numerical conservation. Different from the spatial approximation used in the CSL2(conservative semi-Lagrangian scheme with second order polynomial function) scheme, a monotonic rational function which can effectively remove non-physical oscillations is reconstructed within a single cell by the PV moments and VIA moment. To achieve exactly positive-definite preserving, two kinds of corrections are made on the original conservative semi-Lagrangian with rational function(CSLR)scheme. The resulting scheme is inherently conservative, non-negative, and allows a Courant number larger than one.Moreover, the spatial reconstruction can be performed within a single cell, which is very efficient and economical for practical implementation. In addition, a dimension-splitting approach coupled with multi-moment finite volume scheme is adopted on cubed-sphere geometry, which benefitsthe implementation of the 1 D CSLR solver with large Courant number.The proposed model is evaluated by several widely used benchmark tests on cubed-sphere geometry. Numerical results show that the proposed transport model can effectively remove nonphysical oscillations and preserve the numerical nonnegativity, and it has the potential to transport the tracers accurately in a real atmospheric model.     

无嵌固支护桩在深基坑支护工程中的运用

介绍了无嵌固支护桩形成的原因。通过其他组合支护方式（锚杆和腰梁）弥补无嵌固支护桩的不足,有效地加固深基坑,确保基坑安全稳定。无嵌固支护桩在特殊地层中相对传统的大嵌固支护桩具有安全、经济等一系列优势,值得推广运用。     

多目标区域地球化学编图数据整理方法—以海河流域编图为例

多目标区域地球化学编图是科学表达区域土壤地球化学分布和特征的图示方法,大区域的编图一般可能涉及到对不同的工作区、不同实验室和不同时间的测试数据,以及不同景观条件和网度的表层、深层土壤元素数据或不同分度带的网格数据分别进行拼接合并,因此区域编图对原始数据的整理和网格化处理不可避免.而不同的数据整理方法及其计算参数所形成的结果是非常不同的,数据本身的特点也对编图具有很大的影响.为了真实客观地反映区域内元素的地球化学分布特征,数据整理和处理的方法及技术参数的选择是关键技术问题.作者就化探数据处理中常用的几种插值方法进行了对比评价,并分别从网格间距及搜索半径大小等方面做比较,提出了自己在编图中采用的数据处理方法及选用的技术参数.     

点云数据直接贴图方法探讨

本文介绍了基于点云的Delaunay三角形格网的贴图原理和方法以及对点云直接贴图的原理和方法,并通过实验比较这两种贴图方法的效果,说明了直接对点云贴图的方法的可行性。