负压对抽采钻孔孔周煤体瓦斯渗流特性的影响

抽采负压是影响钻孔孔周煤体瓦斯渗流规律的重要因素之一,为了深入研究负压变化对煤体瓦斯渗流特性的影响,通过设计瓦斯渗流特性相似模拟试验平台对孔内瓦斯流动规律进行测定,并运用数值软件对孔周煤体内瓦斯渗流状态进行分析,结合上述结论对钻孔孔周煤体瓦斯渗流特性进行研究。结果表明:抽采负压提供孔周煤体瓦斯向钻孔内渗流的动力,负压值设定为25~35 kPa时,可保证雷诺数集中分布在10~20之间,其低速紊流状态有利于瓦斯高效抽采;随着抽采时间的增加,负压对瓦斯的引流作用逐渐减弱,瓦斯流量随时间呈现负指数衰减规律,煤体渗流速率饱和值处于7.41×10^-6-1.30×10^-5 m/s之间;煤体内部黏滞阻力对瓦斯渗流存在抑制作用,随着抽采负压的增大,孔口负压上升趋势比孔周煤体内负压上升趋势更快,说明抽采负压变化对钻孔孔口负压的影响更为显著。     

基于核磁共振的地表积雪融化入渗试验模拟

自然条件下岩体的冻融损伤程度往往决定于岩体的含水状态。但以往研究更多的关注岩体冻融的温度条件,而对其湿度条件尤其是自然条件下的吸水过程则鲜有研究。通过自主设计的室内积雪融化入渗实验,模拟自然条件下地表积雪融化下渗的过程。通过核磁共振（NMR）分层含水率测试,对积雪入渗前后试样内部的含水状态进行了实测。实验结果表明：（1）积雪融化速度及融化后入渗速度受到样品孔隙结构的显著影响,开放的宏观节理是融雪融化入渗的理想通道,孔隙率越大积雪融化入渗速率越快,在孔隙率相近的情况下,孔隙的连通性越好积雪融化入渗速率越快;（2）融雪入渗过程中样品内部水分分布不均匀,融雪入渗后样品不同位置的饱和度差异明显;（3）融雪入渗后部分样品的饱和度并没有达到冻融损伤的门槛值。考虑到自然条件下积雪融化入渗条件更为苛刻,岩体的含水状态会成为制约冻融损伤过程的关键因素。     

焦家金矿床容矿裂隙特征及流体运移机制

本文从构造分析入手,着重研究构造作用下成矿裂隙特征和流体的运移通道、方式及成因机制,认为焦家金矿床差异的矿化特征主要由不同的裂隙导致形成,微构造裂隙之间往往没有截然分开的界线,常呈渐变接触关系。矿化裂隙成生主要有流体驱动显微构造裂隙扩展和构造剪张形成脉状裂隙两种方式。流体运移以真空泵式为主,渗流方式为辅,不同的裂隙成生机制和流体运移方式导致形成差异的矿化特征。     

Earth Fissuring and Land Subsidence in Western Saudi Arabia

The present investigation deals with the engineering geological evaluation of earth fissuring associated with land subsidence in Wadi Al-Yutamah. The investigations include surface mapping and sampling, in situ and laboratory soil testing, water well inventory, geophysical survey, and monitoring of open fissures and the level of the wadi floor.The earth fissures in the area developed as a result of land subsidence due to man-induced water level declines caused by pumping water from the wadi aquifer above a safe yield. This situation has produced a compaction of underlying unconsolidated sediments and formed hair fissures above ridges and steps of buried surface bedrock. These hair fissures enlarged later after flood erosion and possible enhancement with hydrocompaction.The wadi soil in the study area consists mainly of silt of low plasticity, low density and high void ratio and it was classified as loess like material and collapsing soil. The settlement in the area is greatly increased by excessive wetting under constant pressures. The calculated coefficients of subsidence (collapse) show that the wadi soils were considered to pose moderate problems when wetted.Monitoring of the existing open earth fissures using extensometers indicates that the width of the fissure increases after flooding or rain falls. Monitoring of the ground level using GPS techniques, shows a good relation between the declination of the water table and the subsidence of the ground of the wadi floor.     

Volcanoes as elastic inclusions: Their effects on the propagation of dykes,volcanic fissures,and volcanic zones in Iceland

Mechanically, many volcanoes may be regarded as elastic inclusions, either softer (with a lower Young's modulus) or stiffer (with a higher Young's modulus) than the host-rock matrix. For example, many central volcanoes (stratovolcanoes, composite volcanoes) are composed of rocks that are softer than the crustal segments that host them. This is particularly clear in Iceland where central volcanoes are mostly made of soft rocks such as rhyolite, pyroclastics, hyaloclastites, and sediments whereas the host rock is primarily stiff basaltic lava flows. Most active central volcanoes also contain fluid magma chambers, and many have collapse calderas. Fluid magma chambers are best modelled as cavities (in three dimensions) or holes (in two dimensions), entire calderas as holes, and the ring faults themselves, which commonly include soft materials such as breccias, as soft inclusions. Many hyaloclastite (basaltic breccias) mountains partly buried in the basaltic lava pile also function as soft inclusions. Modelling volcanoes as soft inclusions or holes, we present three main numerical results. The first, using the hole model, shows the mechanical interaction between all the active central volcanoes in Iceland and, in particular, those forming the two main clusters at the north and south end of the East Volcanic Zone (EVZ). The strong indication of mechanical interaction through shared dykes and faults in the northern cluster of the EVZ is supported by observations. The second model, using a soft inclusion, shows that the Torfajökull central volcano, which contains the largest active caldera in Iceland, suppresses the spreading-generated tensile stress in its surroundings. We propose that this partly explains why the proper rift zone northeast of Torfajökull has not managed to propagate through the volcano. Apparently, Torfajökull tends to slow down the rate of southwest propagation of the rift-zone part of the EVZ. The third model, again using a soft inclusion, indicates how the lateral propagation of a segment of the 1783 Laki fissure became arrested in the slopes of the hyaloclastite mountain Laki.     

断续三裂隙砂岩强度破坏和裂纹扩展特征研究

利用岩石力学伺服试验机,对尺寸为80 mm×160 mm×30 mm的断续三裂隙砂岩试样进行了单轴压缩试验,研究了岩桥倾角? 2对断续三裂隙砂岩（? = 30°和? 1 = 60°）强度破坏和裂纹扩展特征的影响规律。与完整砂岩试样相比,断续三裂隙砂岩试样应力-应变曲线显示了较多的应力跌落,其峰值强度也呈显著降低趋势,但降低程度与? 2密切相关,随着? 2从75°增加到90°,峰值强度从82.04 MPa 降低到77.82 MPa,而当? 2从90°增加到120°,其峰值强度无明显变化。完整砂岩试样呈现轴向劈裂脆性破坏,而断续三裂隙砂岩试样是由许多从裂隙尖端产生的裂纹扩展与汇合,导致了其失稳破坏。通过照相量测技术,探讨了? 2对断续三裂隙砂岩试样裂纹扩展特征的影响：? 2为75°、90°和105°的断续三裂隙试样中裂隙①、③和②、③之间均出现了贯通,而裂隙①、②之间无任何贯通;? 2为120°的断续三裂隙试样中裂隙①、③和①、②之间均出现了贯通,而②、③之间无任何贯通。最后给出了断续三裂隙砂岩试样宏观变形特性与裂纹扩展过程之间的关系。     

焦家金矿床容矿裂隙特征及成生机制

着重研究构造作用下成矿裂隙特征和流体的运移通道、方式及成因机制,结果认为焦家金矿床差异的矿体矿化特征主要由不同裂隙导致形成,微构造裂隙之间没有截然分开的界线,常呈渐变接触关系。矿化裂隙成生主要有流体驱动显微构造裂隙扩展和构造剪张形成脉状裂隙两种方式。流体运移以真空泵式为主,渗流方式为辅,不同的裂隙成生机制和流体运移方式导致形成差异的矿化特征。     

Possible controlling factors in the development of seasonal sand wedges on the Ordos Plateau,North China

Wedge-like structures filled with silty sand penetrate Quaternary fluvial and aeolian sediments and, in places, Tertiary bedrock on the Ordos Plateau, North China. The wedges reflect thermal contraction cracking of either permafrost or seasonal frost during the Late Pleistocene and early Holocene. Wedges of about 1 m in depth form polygonal nets of 2-3 m in diameter(type B). They contrast with wedges of 3-4 m in depth that form polygons of 10-15 m in diameter(type A).This review focuses upon the highly variable size of the inferred polygon nets and discusses the problem of differentiating between seasonally and perennially frozen ground, or between seasonal frost and permafrost.     

基于地电场响应的地裂缝模拟试验

在应用网络并行电法技术的基础上,建立有基底潜山的物理模型,对注水条件下模型土体开裂过程中的地电场响应进行测量。试验结果表明,土体中电位、电流和电阻率的变化与土体含水量密切相关,随着土体中含水量的改变,自然电位、一次场电位、激励电流和视电阻率发生急剧变化;网络分布式并行电法反演信息表明在视电阻率曲率值较大位置容易产生不均匀沉降和裂缝,不均匀沉降的程度越大,地裂缝的长度、宽度、深度也越大。     

斑岩型矿床容矿裂隙成因的几种概念模型及其意义

斑岩型矿床对成矿的围岩没有选择性,但斑岩型矿床的网状裂隙系统控制了矿体的分布、矿石的品位和组构变化、矿化蚀变等特征,因此对容矿裂隙的形成机制、控制因素、裂隙分布规律等开展研究有着重要意义。文章探讨了斑岩在侵位、冷却、结晶演化过程中,在岩体及其围岩中形成网状裂隙系统的相关机制及其制约因素,将斑岩型矿床容矿裂隙的成因归纳为岩浆结晶冷缩、侵入挤压、水岩分离和区域应力叠加等4种主要成因类型,并构建了它们的概念模型。这些裂隙成因概念模型较好地反映了不同成因的裂隙系统与斑岩侵入体的空间依存关系、裂隙的分布特征及裂隙率的变化规律,以及它们之间的差异;较好地解释了斑岩型矿床的成矿作用特点及其共性特征。在分析典型斑岩型矿床容矿裂隙成因的基础上,提出了将概念模型应用于斑岩型矿床勘查找矿的思路。