Continental accretion and incremental deformation in the thermochronologic evolution of the Lesser Caucasus

Apatite fission-track analysis and thermochronologic statistical modeling of Precambrian-Oligocenc plutonic and metamorphic rocks from the Lesser Caucasus resolve two discrete cooling episodes.Cooling occurred during incremental crustal shortening due to obduction and continental accretion along the margins of the northern branch of the Neotethys.(1) The thermochronometric record of a Late Cretaceous(Turonian-Maastrichtian) cooling/exhumation event,coeval to widespread ophiolite obduction,is still present only in a relatively small area of the upper plate of the Amasia-Sevan-Akera(ASA) suture zone,i.e.the suture marking the final closure of the northern Neotethys during the Paleogene.Such area has not been affected by significant later exhumation.(2) Rapid cooling/exhumation occurred in the Early-Middle Miocene in both the lower and upper plates of the ASA suture zone,obscuring previous thermochronologic signatures over most of the study area.Miocene contractional reactivation of the ASA suture zone occurred contemporaneously with the main phase of shortening and exhumation along the Bitlis suture zone marking the closure of the southern branch of the Neotethys and the ensuing ArabiaEurasia collision.Miocene collisional stress from the Bitlis suture zone was transmitted northward across the Anatolian hinterland,which was left relatively undeformed,and focused along preexisting structural discontinuities such as the eastern Pontides and the ASA suture zone.     

利用模拟退火法反演大陆地震位置

为了精确得到大陆地震震源位置,利用模拟退火法对大陆地震参数进行反演,并对改变算法中相关参数后的反演结果进行分析,表明反演精度受降温速度和收敛阈值的影响较大,初始温度只影响迭代次数,模拟退火法在对模型参数进行全局搜索情况下能获得质量较好的最优解。     

模拟退火粒子群与小波的地基沉降预测应用

针对粒子群优化算法易陷入局部极小值问题,改进学习因子使其自适应调整,并与具有良好全局搜索能力的模拟退火算法结合,充分利用两种算法各自的优点,同时结合小波分析去噪,优化神经网络参数,对地基累计沉降数据进行预测,并与标准粒子群优化算法做了对比,实验表明两种方法的结合具有良好的全局和局部搜索能力,预测精度高。     

Some Uncertainties in the Derivation of Rates of Denudation from Thermochronologic Data

Low-temperature thermochronology, such as that provided by apatite fission-track analysis, provides a valuable means of establishing the timing of major denudational events and associated rates of denudation over geological time-scales of 10⁶–10⁸ Ma. Care must be taken, however, in deriving denudation rates from the crustal cooling histories documented by thermochronologic techniques, especially in rapidly eroding terrains, since, in such cases, apparent denudation rates derived from thermochronologic data will usually overestimate true rates if the advective effect of denudation is not included. This is likely to be resolvable where the rate of denudation exceeds 300 m Ma⁻¹ and when the depth of denudation occurring at these rates exceeds several kilometres prior to the sample cooling below the appropriate closure temperature. Because the time at which a sample cools below a particular closure temperature is relatively insensitive to advection, the initiation of denudation can be accurately established, even given uncertainties in the estimation of depths and rates of denudation. Where thermal events originate from a source within or below the lower crust, the cooling through denudation will dominate the low-temperature history of the shallow crust if denudation occurs coevally with the subsurface heating. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Separation of PP- and PS-wave reflected seismic data using two-dimensional finite offset common-reflection-surface traveltime approximation

Recently, the interest in PS-converted waves has increased for several applications, such as sub-basalt layer imaging, impedance estimates and amplitude-versus-offset analysis. In this study, we consider the problem of separation of PP- and PS-waves from pre-stacked multicomponent seismic data in two-dimensional isotropic medium. We aim to demonstrate that the finite-offset common-reflection-surface traveltime approximation is a good alternative for separating PP- and PS-converted waves in common-offset and common shot configurations by considering a two-dimensional isotropic medium. The five parameters of the finite-offset common-reflection-surface are firstly estimated through the inversion methodology called very fast simulated annealing, which estimates all parameters simultaneously. Next, the emergence angle, one of the inverted parameters, is used to build an analytical separation function of PP and PS reflection separation based on the wave polarization equations. Once the PP- and PS-converted waves were separated, the sections are stacked to increase the signal-to-noise ratio using the special curves derived from finite-offset common-reflection-surface approximation. We applied this methodology to a synthetic dataset from simple-layered to complex-structured media. The numerical results showed that the inverted parameters of the finite offset common-reflection-surface and the separation function yield good results for separating PP- and PS-converted waves in noisy common-offset and common shot gathers.     

基于模拟退火算法的设计反应谱标定方法

反应谱的标定是抗震设计的基础工作之一,模拟退火算法是基于模拟固体退火过程而提出的多参数优化组合方法。本文提出将模拟退火算法应用于设计反应谱的标定,并概述了模拟退火算法的基本原理及特点,介绍了运用MATLAB基于模拟退火算法对反应谱进行标定的过程。检验了将模拟退火算法应用于场地相关谱标定的可行性和合理性,给出了将其应用于工程场地地震安全性评价中设计反应谱标定实例。通过检验和实例分析可以看出,基于模拟退火算法的反应谱标定方法所给出的设计反应谱谱形真实地反映了原地震反应谱的特征,较客观的反映了场地相关反应谱的峰值和周期特征。     

基于宽范围岩石物性约束的大地电磁和地震联合反演

岩石物性约束是地球物理联合反演重要的实现方式.在以往联合反演研究中,这种约束通常以点对点的映射方式出现,要求经验性的岩石物性关联是相对精确的,无形中提高了岩石物性约束应用于联合反演的条件.基于此,本文结合全局寻优的模拟退火算法,提出了宽范围岩石物性约束技术.该技术将岩石物性约束与模拟退火模型扰动、模型接受准则相结合,实现了空间对空间的映射,将电阻率和速度耦合在一起.文章以MT和地震正则化同步联合反演为例,检验了不同的先验信息条件下的宽范围岩石物性约束技术的适用性.模型试验表明:新技术容易实现,容错性高,可降低"不精确"岩石物性关联信息引入带来的风险,提高岩石物性约束应用的灵活性.     

基于混合遗传算法的斜测电离图参数反演

斜向探测是获取电离层状态信息的重要手段之一,对斜测电离图的反演可以得到电离层的相关结构参数.遗传算法是一种有效的并得到普遍应用的反演方法,该算法的求解不依赖于初值的选择,可以有效地减少反演问题解的非唯一性,但也存在“过早收敛”和局部搜索能力差等缺陷,从而导致反演精度下降,影响反演结果的可靠性.本文提出将基于模拟退火的混合遗传算法应用到斜测电离图的参数反演中,该算法不仅把握总体能力强,且具有较强的局部搜索能力,是遗传算法和模拟退火算法的优势互补.为了验证该算法反演结果的可靠性和稳定性,首先分别采用遗传算法、模拟退火算法和混合遗传算法对合成的电离图进行反演,反演参数包括临界频率,最大电子浓度和半厚度.通过对三种算法反演结果的对比,得出混合遗传算法的反演结果最接近真实值,需要的迭代次数也远远小于其他两种算法;通过改变种群大小和总迭代次数来判断参数值的改变对三种算法反演结果的影响,得出混合遗传算法有效地降低了参数的选取对反演结果的影响.然后用这三种反演算法对实测电离图进行反演,并将它们的反演结果与斜测链路中点的实际垂测数据进行比较,结果显示混合遗传算法84.62%的反演结果可以控制在误差范围之内,高于遗传算法（76.93%）和模拟退火算法（65.38%）.这些都表明了混合遗传算法的反演结果具有较强的可靠性,在反演的寻优能力和稳定性上要明显优于遗传算法和模拟退火算法,对实测电离层图的反演具有很强的借鉴意义和应用价值.     

循化-化隆盆地晚白垩世以来盆山耦合过程: 来自物源与磷灰石裂变径迹年代学分析的证据

循化-化隆盆地新生代沉积及盆地基底和周缘山系磷灰石裂变径迹年代学分析揭示了青藏高原东北缘晚白垩世以来经历过3期隆升剥露事件: (1)盆地基底及拉脊山和西秦岭北缘构造带磷灰石裂变径迹年龄分析普遍记录了晚白垩世-始新世中期相对快速的区域性的隆升剥露事件, 西秦岭北缘快速抬升的起始时间为84Ma, 受控于向北的逆冲抬升; 向北到循化-化隆盆地中部的拉目峡抬升的起始时间为69Ma; 更北的拉脊山一带快速抬升期主要为40~50Ma, 从而反映晚白垩世-始新世中期的快速抬升由南向北逐渐扩展.这一期构造隆升事件导致循化-化隆盆地和临夏盆地缺失了北部西宁-民和盆地古近纪所具有的西宁群沉积.隆升剥露结束于31Ma左右, 此时化隆-循化盆地向东与同时期的临夏盆地相连为一个统一的大型西秦岭山前盆地, 两者具有相同的构造、沉积演化史, 因此循化-化隆盆地他拉组底部地层年龄最老不会超过临夏盆地最老地层的古地磁年龄, 即29Ma.(2)渐新世晚期约26Ma拉脊山开始双向逆冲隆升, 并可能延续到中新世早期约21Ma, 隆升作用使循化-化隆盆地成为挟持于拉脊山逆冲带和西秦岭构造带之间的山前挤压型前陆盆地, 循化-化隆盆地开始大规模沉积巨厚的他拉组冲积扇相粗碎屑岩.(3)通过循化-化隆盆地咸水河组和临夏组的沉积相分析、古流方向和砾石成分分析, 揭示出拉脊山构造带在中新世8Ma左右发生的最大规模的双向逆冲隆升事件, 这次事件直接导致循化-化隆盆地由前陆挤压盆地转变为山间盆地, 形成现今青藏高原东北缘的盆山地貌基本格局.      

基于Voronoi邻近的物流车辆路径快速优化算法

 现代物流业需要快速高效并智能化制定物流运输方案。传统路径优化方法适合处理中小规模的车辆路径问题,计算时间较长,方案质量较低,故需发展短时间内能提供高质量路径方案的启发式算法。针对大规模物流车辆路径优化,本文提出了一种Voronoi邻近的快速优化方法。该方法先创建初始解,而后进行迭代优化。初始解创建利用Voronoi邻近关系,顾及车辆容量约束,自底向上进行客户点空间聚类,将问题降维;采用最廉价插入算法安排聚类内部路径,生成性质良好的初始解。迭代优化在客户点Voronoi邻近内进行有效的局部搜索,利用模拟退火机制接受较差解,从而跳出局部最优,不断提高解的质量。本文利用模拟生成的北京市大规模车辆路径问题进行实验,结果表明:本文算法能够在4500s内优化客户点高达12 000个物流车辆路径问题,计算时间较短,解的质量优良,算法性能稳定。本文与其他算法比较,能在较短时间内提供高质量车辆路径方案,适用于大规模物流车辆路径的优化。