区域特性约束下的油藏物性模拟

为了提高油藏物性模拟的精度,本文提出了包含两个约束条件的目标函数,考虑在既满足井条件与空间结构变化,同时又满足油田范围内观测到的油藏物理性质的约束下,应用模拟退火算法,对孔隙度的空间分布进行预测模拟.由于目标函数有效地结合了静、动态信息,从而降低了模拟结果的不确定性,提高了模型的精度.合成数据的油藏物性模拟试验表明,该方法收敛快、稳定性好,模拟的结果令人满意.     

一种改进的全局优化算法及其在面波频散曲线反演中的应用

建议一种SA和GA相结合的策略,较好地解决了GA收敛早熟及SA搜索效率较低的问题,提高了全局优化计算效率;在应用其依据面波频散曲线反演工程场地剪切波速时,利用简化剥层法提供较小的模型空间,取得了较好的反演效果.     

改进的约束单纯形-模拟退火剩余静校正

非线性单纯形和模拟退火算法的结合形成了一种新的适合非凸集连续不受约束和受约束函数的全局最优化算法．静校正问题中的相位转移与模拟退火法有明显的相似之处．由非线性单纯形来产生系统的各个状态,在缓慢冷却过程中得到目标函数的全局最优解．所采用的目标函数是道集间的相关,解决了零空间现象．单纯形模拟退火(SIMPSA)算法应用于剩余静校正,收敛速度快,适于解决大剩余静校正．     

合肥盆地构造演化：磷灰石裂变径迹的多元动力学模拟

对合肥盆地中部肥西县打子塘地区圆筒山组砂岩（J2y）的磷灰石裂变径迹（AFT）分析表明,其FT年龄为（32.5±2.4）Ma（22个颗粒的平均）,明显小于其地层的年龄（176～168 Ma）;围限径迹长度为（12.43±0.18）μm（126个径迹长度的平均值）,为单峰式分布。模拟热史主要为5段：距今176～152 Ma,冷却速率为-21.4℃/Ma;距今152～85 Ma,冷却速率为-0.1℃/Ma;距今85～32 Ma,冷却速率为1.4℃/Ma;距今32～10 Ma,冷却速率为1.6℃/Ma;10 Ma至今,冷却速率为5.0℃/Ma,这5个阶段分别对应了沉积物快速沉降加热、盆地趋于构造热稳定、盆地较快速抬升冷却和快速抬升冷却等演化阶段。沉积物快速加热阶段（176～152 Ma）反映了大别造山晚期山根拆沉阶段与盆地挤压、快速沉降和加热作用,构造热稳定阶段（152～85 Ma）反映了大别造山带热隆伸展和岩浆作用,冷却阶段（85～25 Ma）代表了郯庐断裂的走滑拉张作用与区域性断陷伸展（K2—E）取代热隆伸展体制与早白垩世的岩浆活动。最后一阶段（25 Ma以来）则为合肥盆地的挤压抬升、快速剥露阶段。     

Zircon sensitive high mass-resolution ion microprobe U–Pb and fission-track ages for gabbros and sheeted dykes of the Taitao ophiolite, Southern Chile, and their tectonic implications

Abstract   The Late Miocene–Pliocene Taitao ophiolite is composed of a complete sequence of classic oceanic lithosphere and is exposed approximately 50 km southeast of the Chile triple junction, where the Chile Ridge subducts beneath the South American Plate. Gabbros and ultramafic rocks are folded into a complex pattern, but only evidence for block rotation has been reported in the overriding sheeted dyke complex. In the present study, sensitive high mass-resolution ion microprobe U–Pb and fission-track dating methods were applied to zircon crystals separated from gabbros and sheeted dykes. Two sets of radiometric ages of gabbros range between 5.9 ± 0.4 and 5.6 ± 0.1 Ma. These ages coincide within their error ranges and imply rapid intrusion and cooling of gabbros. The U–Pb age of a dacite dyke intruded into the sheeted dyke complex was determined to be 5.2 ± 0.2 Ma. These data indicate that the magmas of the Taitao ophiolite were formed during the 6 Ma Chile Ridge collision event and emplaced in a shorter period than previously thought. A short segment of the Chile Mid-oceanic Ridge must have been emplaced during the 6 Ma event.     

地下工程围岩位移反分析的改进模拟退火算法

本文针对地下工程围岩位移反分析问题的目标函数存在多个局部极值的特点，在对模拟退火算法进程中控制参数，即初始温度、每一温度下的状态选取次数和退火策略的确定方法加以改进的基础上．引进有限元分析手段和自适应的思想，建立了基于改进模拟退火算法的位移反分析方法，并开发了相应的分析程序。工程实践分析表明：本文理论计算结果与实测结果吻合良好，该方法较一般模拟退火算法具有明显的优越性。     

海拉尔盆地呼和湖凹陷热演化史与油气关系

呼和湖凹陷现今地温梯度为3.54℃/100m,属于中温型地温场。根据镜质体反射率、包裹体测温和磷灰石裂变径迹法恢复了呼和湖凹陷古地温演化史,研究表明呼和湖凹陷早白垩世古地温梯度可达3.7～6.5℃/100m,古地温梯度高于现今地温梯度,古地温高于今地温。古地温恢复及热史模拟表明最高古地温是在早白垩世晚期达到的,下白垩统烃源岩热演化程度主要受古地温场控制。热演化史与油气关系研究表明呼和湖凹陷油气生成期主要有两期,分别是早白垩世晚期及古近纪以来,且以早白垩世晚期为主要成藏期,古近纪以来由于目的层温度降低生烃强度减弱。     

Parameter identification for leaky aquifers using global optimization methods

In the past, graphical or computer methods were usually employed to determine the aquifer parameters of the observed data obtained from field pumping tests. Since we employed the computer methods to determine the aquifer parameters, an analytical aquifer model was required to estimate the predicted drawdown. Following this, the gradient‐type approach was used to solve the nonlinear least‐squares equations to obtain the aquifer parameters. This paper proposes a novel approach based on a drawdown model and a global optimization method of simulated annealing (SA) or a genetic algorithm (GA) to determine the best‐fit aquifer parameters for leaky aquifer systems. The aquifer parameters obtained from SA and the GA almost agree with those obtained from the extended Kalman filter and gradient‐type method. Moreover, all results indicate that the SA and GA are robust and yield consistent results when dealing with the parameter identification problems. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Time Markers for the Evolution and Exhumation History of a Late Palaeozoic Paired Metamorphic Belt in North-Central Chile (34{degrees}-35{degrees}30'S)

A multi-method geochronological approach is applied to unravelthe dynamics of a paired metamorphic belt in the Coastal Cordilleraof central Chile. This is represented by high-pressure–low-temperaturerocks of an accretionary prism (Western Series), and a low-pressure–high-temperatureoverprint in the retro-wedge with less deformed metagreywackes(Eastern Series) intruded by magmas of the coeval arc. A pervasivetransposition foliation formed in metagreywackes and interlayeredoceanic crust of the Western Series during basal accretion nearmetamorphic peak conditions (350–400°C, 7–11kbar) at 292–319 Ma (⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar phengite plateau ages).⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar UV laser ablation ages of phengite record strain-freegrain growth and recrystallization with a duration of 31–41Myr during a pressure release of 3–4 kbar. During earlyaccretion the main intrusion in the arc occurred at 305 Ma (Pb–Pbevaporation; zircon) and the Eastern Series was overprintedby a short high-temperature metamorphism at 3 kbar, 296–301Ma (⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar muscovite plateau ages). Fission-track ages ofzircon (206–232 Ma) and of apatite (80–113 Ma) aresimilar in both series, indicating synchronous cooling duringdistinct periods of exhumation. Early exhumation (period I)during continuing basal accretion proceeded with mean ratesof 0·19–0·56 mm/yr, suggesting that erosionin a tectonically active area was an important unroofing mechanism.At the same time mean rates were 0·03–0·05mm/yr in the Eastern Series, where crustal thickening was minor.A shallow granite intruded into the Western Series at 224 Ma,at the end of basal accretion activity, when exhumation ratesdecreased to 0·04–0·06 mm/yr in both seriesduring period II (100–225 Ma). Major extension, basinformation and local bimodal dyke intrusion at 138 Ma were accompaniedby mean cooling rates of 1–2°C/Myr. Accelerated coolingof 3–5°C/Myr at 80–113 Ma suggests a mid-Cretaceousconvergence event (period III). After 80 Ma cooling rates decreasedto 1–2°C/Myr (period IV). The pressure–temperature–deformation–timeinformation for subduction, basal accretion and exhumation inthe accretionary wedge of central Chile illustrates that theseprocesses reflect a continuous cyclic mass flow that lastednearly 100 Myr, while the retro-wedge remained stable. Afterthe cessation of accretion activity a similarly long periodof retreat of the subducting slab occurred; this ended withrenewed convergence and shortening of the continental margin. KEY WORDS: exhumation rates; Ar/Ar geochronology; fission-track geochronology; Chile; paired metamorphic belt     

Long-term thermo-tectonic evolution of the Montes de Toledo area (Central Hercynian Belt, Spain): constraints from apatite fission-track analysis

In the Montes de Toledo area, located in the axial part of the Central Hercynian zone, a long-term thermo-tectonic evolution can be deduced from apatite fission-track (AFT) data in conjunction with tight geological constraints derived from the knowledge of regional geology and other independent chronometers. The area is composed of two different blocks separated by the Toledo Shear Zone (TSZ). The northern block is a granulite facies anatectic terrane. The southern block is composed of greenschist facies Paleozoic sediments intruded by a late Hercynian granitic pluton. A total of 13 samples have been recovered for AFT analysis. AFT ages in both blocks cluster around 189–221 Ma, with mean confined track lengths between 11.4 m and 12.4 m. Modeling of the AFT data indicates that the thermal history is broadly similar in both blocks, which constrains the main movement of the TSZ, as essentially before the Upper Permian. AFT ages in the TSZ cluster around 124–164 Ma, and the track lengths vary between 11.4 m and 12.4 m. These data reveal that the fault must have been affected by a later thermal overprint as AFT ages are significantly younger than those of the footwall and hangingwall blocks. This differential thermal resetting is likely related to the advection of localized hydrothermal fluids that are responsible for the widespread Pb–Zn mineralization along the TSZ. These results give an example of resetting AFT data by hydrothermal events. The long-term evolution suggests a lack of important Alpine tectonism in the Montes de Toledo block, in clear contrast to other nearby Hercynian areas such as the Sierra de Guadarrama, where the important effect of Alpine tectonism has almost totally erased the previous thermal signal in the AFT system.