西藏定结县草地资源与畜牧业可持续发展

畜牧业生产是西藏定结县的支柱产业之一，但由于人类的不合理利用导致该区草地资源出现面积配置与时间利用上的不平衡；割草、放牧兼用草地发展滞后；草畜矛盾突出，草地退化严重以及畜群结构不合理，品种退化，草地利用效率低等问题。为实现该县草地资源的合理有效利用和高原山区畜牧业生产的可持续发展，达到促进全县农村经济发展、调整农村产业结构、提高农牧民经济收入和生活水平的目的，本文提出以下对策措施：①发展人工草地，提高草地抗灾保畜能力；②改良牲畜，提高牲畜质量，发展“效益型畜牧业”；走畜草平衡、以草定畜的道路；④推广饲草加工，实行舍饲养百；加强草原管理，合理利用草地资源。     

显微CT的研究及应用的初步评述

近五年来在国内外显微CT的研究和应用，得到了很大的发展；微观病理显微诊断的空间分辨为微米数量级。目前医学CT影像的空间分辨率已达到0.35mm，已能满足宏观病理学诊断的要求。如何医学CT的空间分辨率再提高到微米水平，即可清晰显示细胞和组织的微细结构，从而满足现代医学临床病理诊断金标准的要求。目前工业CT（ICT）的空间分辨率已达到5－20微米，从而为提高医学CT的空间分辨率提供技术依据。本文引述用工业微焦点CT机首次对小动物组织进行显微成像的结果：提出应用微焦点X线源，以及采用钨酸镉集成电路CCD检测技术，进一步缩小检测元器件探头的尺寸和增加检测器探头的数目，可以提高医学CT的空间分辨率；应用电子束快速扫描技术，可以提高医学CT的时间分辨率，达到动态的水平；应用双能X线束扫描技术，可以进一步提高密度分辨率，如果未来医学CT的空间分辨率达到微米级（显微CT），时间分辨率达到毫秒级（动态CT），密度分辨率能观察到神经细胞有兴奋时，胞内钙离子浓度的瞬态上升1000倍，即成为显微动态和功能CT，就可以观测人脑神经元在不同功能状态下的动态兴奋和时空编码过程，对进一步研究人脑的记忆和思维认知过程有重要意义。     

Decline and re-emergence of nomadism: Tibetan pastoralists revive a nomadic way of life and production

Numerous examples worldwide demonstrate the displacement of a nomadic way of life and economy, with common features in the diverse regional contexts shown. Sometimes the pastoralists can respond with other forms of mobile herding, as for instance the current reindeer husbandry in northern Fenno-Scandia or Lapland suggests. An extensive form of herding management has succeeded an intensive one; nowadays the reindeer roam freely nearly all year round, and the reindeer owners live sedentary. Modern technologies support the animal husbandry. However, a decline in nomadism can also be followed by a revival. Records exist about re-emergence from, among others, the Mongolian Republic and the Tibetan plateau. The nomadic lifestyle of Tibetans was displaced, as in the other pastoral regions of China, for two decades. Its re-emergence in one region of the eastern Tibetan plateau in the early 1990s is analysed in this paper. Among the framework conditions which promoted the revival was the return of the livestock as family property. Some revived features of nomadism are identical to the pre-Collectivisation period. Other features were adapted to changed contexts. The revival had further a different impact on those groups which rely exclusively on animal husbandry and those which combine livestock breeding with field cultivation. However, the re-emerged nomadism is already disappearing again. In order to put the issues of mobile animal husbandry into a larger context, some comparative aspects of recent mobile animal husbandry in the pastoral regions of Sichuan province and Lapland are discussed.     

前庭系统功能与震前动物行为异常

震前重力异常与震前声发射所需的地球物理条件相同,大体是伴生现象。所有的生物(从植物到人类)都能测知重力,但都离不开钙。重力改变相当于动物居处发生了高程变更。震前重力异常与动物异常在时空上有相关性。前庭系统受重力作用后可引起行为模式的改变。这启示我们;①地声监测与重力监测台网应并设;②研制整合的重力—地声监测地震仪;③研究、开发钙在重力仪中的功用和部件;④加强动物失重研究;⑤震前动物骚动的原因可能主要是重力异常和声发射,响应者是位听系统。     

A new zoogeography of domestication and agricultural planning in Southern Ghana

Animal behaviour is vital for livestock choices, but is less researched in West Africa than economic considerations. An animal geography framework is applied to the socio-economic context of livestock behaviour in coastal Ghana, assessing the shared 'actant' behaviour of people and animals, and the contribution of such a study to animal geography and agricultural knowledge. Data were gathered on cattle, sheep and goat behaviour and the impact of these on human livelihoods, perceptions and the socio-environmental context. Animal behaviour was more important in the choice of livestock species, but economic considerations were more important in the decision to acquire animals. Goats had more incidents with people in village centres than sheep and cattle. Cattle had more incidents in farmland and grassland than goats and sheep. Women and young people were more affected by livestock behaviour. These findings increase the understanding of livestock zoogeography and livelihood decisionmaking, and contribute to animal geography by documenting the relevance of individualised gender- and age-based human behaviour, as well as intra- and inter-species animal behaviour to a shared actancy perspective, and a more dynamic zoogeography.     

高分辨显微CT技术进展

显微CT是一种新型的采用X射线成像原理进行高分辨三维成像的设备。可以在不破坏样品的情况下,对骨骼、牙齿和各种生物材料等离体标本进行高分辨三维成像。近年来,更多地用于小动物活体成像,用于药物开发,肿瘤病理学和基因显型研究。本文围绕显微CT的技术手段进行综述,总结了它的现状和几个重要发展方向,高成像对比度、超高分辨率、快速实时以及多模态成像。     

动物习性异常作为地震前兆研究的历史与未来

地震前动物习性异常在很早就有历史文献记录记载。动物习性异常是海城地震预报中重要的宏观前兆之一。此后动物习性异常作为地震前兆的研究在全世界范围内得到重视。因为地震并不是动物习性异常的唯一原因,这一研究后来基本上被放弃。在生命科学的研究达到分子水平并进入基因层次以后,动物习性异常作为地震前兆的研究又重新开始。现在的研究试图从基因遗传水平上解释动物的地震避险能力是如何遗传与进化的,并运用现代分子生物学的技术解开动物习性异常的机理,找出作为地震前兆的特有反应,从而做出地震预报。     

汕头港及其邻近水域潮间带海产动物体内重金属污染的调查

调查了汕头港及邻近水域潮间带常见海产动物体内的重金属含量。结果表明，翡翠贻贝(Perna viridis)体内的Ni、鳞笠藤壶(Tetraclita squamosa squamosa)体内的Cr和Zn、近江牡蛎(Crassostrea rivularis Gould)体内的Cu和Zn含量高于海洋生物污染评价标准。近江牡蛎的Cu污染因子质量分指数最高达6．01。可食性贝类中疣荔枝螺(Thais clavigera)体内的Cd、Zn，翡翠贻贝体内的Cd、Ni和Pb，小荚蛏(Siliqua minima)体内的Cd、Ni，近江牡蛎体内的Cd、Cu、Ni和Zn的含量高于人体食用限量标准。其中近江牡蛎体内的Zn含量最高，为限量标准的23．5倍。港内比港外污染严重，远离港口站位的生物体内重金属含量仍有超标现象，表明汕头港及其邻近水域的重金属污染严重。     

Ecological Carrying Capacity of Grasslands and Animal Husbandry Sustainability in Central Asia

Grassland ecosystems are one of the most important terrestrial ecosystems on the earth. Central Asia has the largest contiguous grazing area in the world and good conditions for the development of animal husbandry. However, in the past 30 years, the grassland ecosystem in Central Asia has experienced significant degradation, and the livestock industry has also experienced an overall decline to the point that livestock products are now dependent on imports. The ecological footprint method was used to analyze the change trend and characteristics of grassland ecological carrying capacity and ecological occupation in Central Asia. The grassland ecological capacity in Central Asia was found to be much higher than the global level, and great potential still remains for further development and utilization. The international trade of livestock products in Central Asian countries showed a deficit, and the net import of livestock products increased year by year. Net imports reached 9.5% in 1992-2016, and the dependence on foreign countries increased significantly, which is not conducive to the sustainable development of animal husbandry in Central Asia. In the future, the counties of Central Asia should optimize the aspects of policy, management and technology to improve the productivity of grassland animal husbandry, strengthen grassland ecological protection, and realize the coordinated and sustainable development of their grassland ecological economic systems.