EK-Fenton process for removal of phenanthrene in a two-dimensional soil system

Feasibility of electrokinetic (EK) process combined with Fenton-like reaction was investigated for the removal of phenanthrene in a two-dimensional cell. Sandy soil and bentonite were selected as a model soil and a filling material to inhibit the leak of electrolyte solution within the electrode reservoirs into the soil by hydraulic pressure difference, respectively. The effects of parameters including current, electroosmotic flow (EOF), electrolyte pH, and moisture content on the removal efficiency were examined under constant voltage.

At the end of operation for 21 days, the concentration of phenanthrene near the anode was lower than the other positions of soil specimen and increased gradually towards the cathode because hydrogen peroxide solution was supplied from anode to cathode region following the direction of EOF. The concentration of phenanthrene at the bottom soil was lower than that at the top soil. Because capillary attraction in the sandy soil with high porosity was too low to maintain appropriate moisture at the top of the cell, EOF moved through the bottom soil with higher moisture content. Overall removal efficiency at 140 V was 81.6%, which was higher than 68.9% at 100 V because total EOF increased by a factor of 1.5 upon increase of the voltage from 100 to 140 V. In addition, power consumptions at 100 and 140 V were 7.2 and 19.4 kWh, respectively.     

纳米镍-铁去除四氯乙烯的影响因素

氯代烃是地下水中最常检出的有机污染物之一,传统的处理方法需要很长时间与大量经费。本文利用批实验的研究方法以四氯乙烯(PCE)为目标污染物,研究纳米镍铁在去除PCE过程中的影响因素。实验结果表明,暴露后的纳米镍铁脱氯速率比不暴露时速率降低约4倍;反应温度是影响反应速率的重要因素之一,每升高10℃,反应速率常数kSA提高2～3倍;在一定范围内,镍/铁质量比越高,越利于脱氯反应的快速进行,镍/铁的质量比为8%左右时,对氯代烃脱氯速率最快;反应液中的溶解氧不利于纳米颗粒对氯代烃的降解。     

反应条件指数及其与饱和指数的关系初步探讨

反应条件指数(RCI)和饱和指数(SI)都是建立在热力学基础上说明水中物质溶解与沉淀作用的水文地球化学参数。饱和指数能够客观地反映水文地球化学作用发生的方向和状态,反应条件指数综合了水文地球化学状态条件和水文地球化学作用边界条件的信息,它不仅能反映水文地球化学作用发生的方向和状态,而且可以反映其发生的条件及原因。根据反应条件指数和反应条件边界值的概念,运用热力学基本原理和质量作用定律对反应条件指数与饱和指数的关系进行了论证,结果表明两者呈线性函数关系。这对认识和解决生产、科研中存在的水文地球化学问题具有重要指导意义。     

递增变质作用研究中的科学问题

递增变质带广泛出露于全球元古代至新生代的众多造山带中，但递增变质作用的成因尚不完全清楚。本文归纳了典型递增变质带的研究成果，讨论了如下几个悬而未决的科学问题：递增变质带的热源、变质反应与变质作用P- T- t轨迹特征、流体来源与作用、变质与变形耦合关系、花岗岩及混合岩化作用、递增变质带的折返/隆升机制，以及递增变质作用的构造成因等。本文综述了上述科学问题研究进展，探讨了递增变质作用的可能成因。     

实验室模拟研究大气二次有机气溶胶的形成

二次有机气溶胶（SOA）是大气中重要的气溶胶组分,主要由挥发性有机物（VOCs）经化学转化形成,对天气、气候、大气环境和人体健康有重要影响,但至今其确切的化学成分和形成机制还十分不清楚。研究SOA的方法主要采用实验室单个物种或多物种的化学过程的模拟研究,野外实际大气的SOA化学成分、源汇和多尺度分析的观测研究,以及大气中SOA形成的数值模拟的回报和预报研究。实验室研究是对SOA形成过程中获取基础数据和推究SOA生成机制的最主要手段。在过去的几十年中,特别是近五年,SOA的研究取得了较大的进展,其中包括SOA前体物、SOA形成机制及影响因子的进一步理解。本文就这些方面展开了概要性的综述,重点强调了我国研究人员所做的研究工作。在采用实验室烟雾箱系统模拟研究SOA方面,首先简述了烟雾系统的发展以及表征,讨论了跟烟雾箱箱体相关的壁效应问题,重点综述了萜烯类、芳香烃类、小分子类等化学物种转化形成SOA的研究进展。在采用流动管和其他反应器类模拟研究SOA方面,重点讨论了挥发性有机物在颗粒物表面或在液相中所形成的SOA的主要化学成分及其可能的作用。     

Influence of Atmospheric Particulate Matter on Ozone in Nanjing,China:Observational Study and Mechanistic Analysis

Particulate matter with diameters of 2.5 μm or smaller(PM_(2.5)) and ozone(O_3) are major pollutants in the urban atmosphere. PM_(2.5) can affect O_3 by altering the photolysis rate and heterogeneous reactions. However, these two processes and their relative importance remain uncertain. In this paper, with Nanjing in China as the target city, we investigate the characteristics and mechanism of interactions between particles and O_3 based on ground observations and numerical modeling.In 2008, the average concentrations of PM_(2.5) and O_3 at Caochangmen station are 64.6 ± 47.4 μg m~(-3) and 24.6 ± 22.8 ppb,respectively, while at Pukou station they are 94.1 ± 63.4 μg m~(-3) and 16.9 ± 14.9 ppb. The correlation coefficient between PM_(2.5) and O_3 is -0.46. In order to understand the reaction between PM_(2.5) and O_3, we construct a box model, in which an aerosol optical property model, ultraviolet radiation model, gas phase chemistry model, and heterogeneous chemistry model,are coupled. The model is employed to investigate the relative contribution of the aforementioned two processes, which vary under different particle concentrations, scattering capability and VOCs/NOxratios(VOCs: volatile organic compounds;NOx: nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide). Generally, photolysis rate effect can cause a greater O_3 reduction when the particle concentrations are higher, while heterogeneous reactions dominate O_3 reduction with low-level particle concentrations.Moreover, in typical VOC-sensitive regions, O_3 can even be increased by heterogeneous reactions. In Nanjing, both processes lead to O_3 reduction, and photolysis rate effect is dominant. Our study underscores the importance of photolysis rate effect and heterogeneous reactions for O_3, and such interaction processes should be fully considered in future atmospheric chemistry modeling.     

GNSS形变监测时间序列的粗差数据处理方法

针对GNSS形变监测的传统粗差探测算法性能受限于数据长度的问题,提出基于小波分析的一阶导数粗差剔除法。首先使用新算法对原始信号进行粗差剔除,再利用广义延拓插值补充残缺点。实测算例结果表明,新算法执行时间是3倍中误差法（3σ法）的0.01倍,插值后与真实值偏离仅0.03 mm,远优于其他传统粗差探测手段。     

Mechanical Behavior and Shape Optimization of Lining Structure for Subsea Tunnel Excavated in Weathered Slot

Subsea tunnel lining structures should be designed to sustain the loads transmitted from surrounding ground and groundwater during excavation. Extremely high pore-water pressure reduces the effective strength of the country rock that surrounds a tunnel, thereby lowering the arching effect and stratum stability of the structure. In this paper, the mechanical behavior and shape optimization of the lining structure for the Xiang’an tunnel excavated in weathered slots are examined. Eight cross sections with different geometric parameters are adopted to study the mechanical behavior and shape optimization of the lining structure. The hyperstatic reaction method is used through finite element analysis software ANSYS. The mechanical behavior of the lining structure is evidently affected by the geometric parameters of cross- sectional shape. The minimum safety factor of the lining structure elements is set to be the objective function. The efficient tunnel shape to maximize the minimum safety factor is identified. The minimum safety factor increases significantly after optimization. The optimized cross section significantly improves the mechanical characteristics of the lining structure and effectively reduces its deformation. Force analyses of optimization process and program are conducted parametrically so that the method can be applied to the optimization design of other similar structures. The results obtained from this study enhance our understanding of the mechanical behavior of the lining structure for subsea tunnels. These results are also beneficial to the optimal design of lining structures in general.     

Quartz cement and its origin in tight sandstone reservoirs of the Cretaceous Quantou formation in the southern Songliao basin,China

The tight sandstones of the Cretaceous Quantou formation are the main exploration target for hydrocarbons in the southern Songliao basin. Authigenic quartz is a significant cementing material in these sandstones, significantly reducing porosity and permeability. For efficient predicting and extrapolating the petrophysical properties within these tight sandstones, the quartz cement and its origin need to be better understood. The tight sandstones have been examined by a variety of methods. The sandstones are mostly lithic arkoses and feldspathic litharenites, compositionally immature with an average framework composition of Q₄₃F₂₆L₃₁, which are characterized by abundant volcanic rock fragments. Mixed-layer illite/smectite (I/S) ordered interstratified with R = 1 and R = 3 is the dominating clay mineral in the studied sandstone reservoirs. Two different types of quartz cementation modes, namely quartz grain overgrowth and pore-filling authigenic quartz, have been identified through petrographic observations, CL and SEM analysis. Homogenization temperatures of the aqueous fluid inclusions indicate that both quartz overgrowths and pore-filling authigenic quartz formed with a continuous process from about 70 °C to 130 °C. Sources for quartz cement produced are the conversion of volcanic fragments, smectite to illite reaction and pressure solution at micro stylolites. Potassium for the illitization of smectite has been sourced from K-feldspar dissolution and albitization. Silica sourced from K-feldspars dissolution and kaolinite to illite conversion is probably only minor amount and volumetrically insignificant. The internal supplied silica precipitate within a closed system where the transport mechanism is diffusion. The quartz cementation can destroy both porosity and permeability, but strengthen the rock framework and increase the rock brittleness effectively at the same time.     

峨眉山大火成岩省的风化碳汇效应：玄武岩粉末水-岩反应实验研究

在实现“双碳”目标背景下,有效的碳封存技术成为近年来学界关注的焦点。在众多碳封存技术中,基于玄武岩粉末的增强风化碳汇技术具有较强的成本优势,同时也对促进作物生长、改善粮食产量具有积极作用。流域研究揭示玄武岩风化具有非常高的速率,但与玄武岩粉末增强风化碳汇技术在时间尺度和反应条件上存在较大差异。中国西南地区广泛分布有峨眉山玄武岩,其在喷发之后的快速化学风化被认为是晚二叠世冰川活动的驱动机制,有可能成为增强风化碳汇技术的基础原料。为深入理解峨眉山玄武岩的风化碳汇效应,增进对玄武岩增强风化碳汇技术的认识,本文利用不同粒径玄武岩粉末和天然雨水及河水开展了水岩反应实验研究。结果显示,雨水与玄武岩粉末经历720 h常温条件的封闭反应后,其pH值接近河水的pH值,且Na⁺、K⁺、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺等离子浓度显著升高,其活动性和溶出速率受所在岩石结构、矿物组成、元素赋存状态、溶液饱和状态等因素共同影响与控制。玄武岩粉末与雨水的反应实验中Si元素的溶出速率最快,为4.36×10^-12 mol/m...