新疆干旱区沉积物金属催化-光化学反应生成硝酸盐试验研究

硝酸盐矿物是自然界溶解度最大的盐类矿物之一,是极端干旱气候条件下从卤水中蒸发析出的产物,在新疆罗布泊等地出现了多处硝酸盐富集区.目前,新疆的硝酸盐矿层主要发现于全新统,反映出该地区在晚更新世末一全新世时期出现了极端干旱气候条件.根据沉积物地球化学分析,发现罗布泊等硝酸盐富集区出现有硝酸盐矿物沉积,其孔隙和晶间卤水的硝酸根含量很高,同时,沉积物也富含Fe、Ti、Cr、Mn、Cu等重金属元素.为此,将这些重金属元素作为催化剂,设计了4组光化学反应试验,通过野外实地与室内模拟金属催化一光化学反应试验产生了硝酸根离子.因此,本研究认为,干旱区的硝酸根离子的来源与金属的催化-光化学反应有密切的关系,提出了Ti等金属催化-光化学反应是新疆干旱区内硝酸盐形成的主要机制.     

论硫化氢生成的地质条件

根据硫化氢的赋存环境、组成特征和热还原反应模拟试验等,提出硫化氢生成需具备五项基本地质条件:(1)地层中富含石膏;(2)富含还原剂—烃类物质;(3)较大埋深或较高的地温条件;(4)地层水作为介质和反应场所;(5)严密的封存体系。热还原反应必须在有水条件下才能进行,硫酸盐水解后的硫酸根是硫化氢的直接供体。硫化氢的生成实际经历了一个天然气向地层水的溶入和脱出过程,两者的密切关系造成含硫化氢天然气通常出现在气-水界面附近,密封条件极好的岩性气藏或构造气藏当中,构造低部位或气藏下倾方向。但是,后期构造抬升有可能造成硫化氢与地层水的分离。     

外掺剂加固吹填泥浆的机理分析

以吹填土的粒度成分、化学成分、物理化学性质测试为基础,从物理化学角度出发,对混合体系中的物理化学反应进行分类阐述,结合加固后土体结构强度的测算和微观结构特征分析,对外掺剂加固吹填泥浆的机理加以探讨。     

Natural frequency of offshore wind turbines on rigid and flexible monopiles in cohesionless soils with linear stiffness distribution

A simplified method is introduced to obtain the fundamental frequency of offshore wind turbines supported by monopile foundations. Soil-pile interaction is modeled based on Winkler approach and concept of beam on elastic foundation. The soil is considered to have linearly varying modulus of subgrade reaction along depth which is a typical assumption for cohesionless soils. Rayleigh method which is based on conservation of total energy of the system is utilized. Firstly the natural frequency of the system with rigid pile is derived and then an innovative procedure is introduced to take pile flexural stiffness into consideration. Comparison between results of the present method with those of a numerical FE model for a typical 2 MW wind turbine structure shows excellent agreement for rigid pile and flexible pile with small value of slenderness ratio. The agreement is also good for flexible pile with higher slenderness ratios. A parametric study is carried out to investigate the effect of important parameters of foundation including pile slenderness ratio, pile aspect ratio and pile mass on the system natural frequency.     

天然钒钛磁铁矿非均相Fenton法降解酸性橙Ⅱ的研究

用XRD、FTIR及TG-DSC等手段对磁选后的天然钒钛磁铁矿进行结构表征,然后在酸性条件下,探讨天然钒钛磁铁矿非均相Fenton法催化降解酸性橙Ⅱ的性能。结果表明:磁选后的天然磁铁矿主要以钛磁铁矿为主,同时含有少量的钛铁矿和绿泥石。降解实验结果表明,天然钒钛磁铁矿催化降解酸性橙Ⅱ的能力明显强于人工合成的单相磁铁矿,并随着钛磁铁矿含量的增加而增强。降解过程以异相Fenton反应为主,动力学曲线符合准一级方程。反应开始210min后,天然钒钛磁铁矿对酸性橙Ⅱ的矿化率约为30%。在降解过程中,苯环和萘环逐步断裂。     

引江济太对太湖水体碱性磷酸酶动力学参数的影响

采用野外定点采样、室内同步分析水体碱性磷酸酶活性及水化学指标的方法,研究引江济太调水对太湖各湖区水体碱性磷酸酶最大反应速率(v_max)、米氏常数(Km_m)值的影响。结果表明:在引江济太调水试验期间,各湖区水体中v_max及Km_m值时空分布存在差异性。调水稀释了各湖区蓝藻浓度,抑制了水体碱性磷酸酶v_max;贡湖区、西岸河口区及湖心区水体中Km_m值与入湖累积水量之间有显著的二次函数关系(p=0.007)。梅梁湖、竺山湖、贡湖及西岸河口区水体碱性磷酸酶v_max/Km_m随着总磷浓度升高而增加,但竺山湖、贡湖、草型湖、湖心及西岸河口区水体v_max/K随生物可利用磷(PO₃--P)浓度增加而下降。除草型湖区外,其它湖区水体v/K随叶绿素a浓度升高而增加。     

中国铜矿资源找矿前景

从中国60年铜矿勘查程度研究入手,分析了铜矿床的产出与勘查程度的空间、强度的内在联系。统计结果表明,铜矿床的规模与勘查程度呈正相关,发现一个大型铜矿床所需要的钻探工作量为(12.5～16)×104m,发现一个中型铜矿床需要的钻探工作量至少为(4.8～5.48)×104m。面积约占中国2/3的中西部地区,铜矿的勘查程度低或极低,查明铜矿床的数量和储量仅占全国的17%和34%,西部地区还具有巨大的找矿潜力。选择勘查程度较低或极低、又具备铜矿成矿地质背景的区域作为铜矿成矿区带,在区带内利用已发现的铜矿床、矿(化)点和可能具有反映铜矿化显示的化探异常等因素圈定找矿远景区。在提高勘查程度就有可能发现更多资源储量的前提下,采用高勘查程度区铜资源储量的特征和参数,对低勘查程度区的铜资源储量进行类比预测,估算全国铜资源潜力为(5591～18483)×104t,其中西部低勘查程度区的潜在铜资源量为(5591～13660)×104t,可发现大型铜矿床30～70个。铜找矿远景区主要分布在西藏冈底斯、班公湖,西南三江,新疆东天山,内蒙古大兴安岭,中东部铜矿山深部及外围。     

Kinetics of Hydrothermal Reactions of Minerals in Near-critical and Supercritical Water

This work presents new experimental results on the kinetics of mineral dissolution in near-critical and supercritical water in a temperature range (T) from 25 to 400℃ and a constant pressure of 23 MPa. Kinetic experiments were carried out by using a flow reactor (packed bed reactor) of an open system. The dissolution rates of albite and magnetite were measured under these experimental conditions. Na, Al and Si release rates for albite dissolution in water were measured as a function of the temperature and flow velocity in the reaction system. The maximum release rates of Na, AI and Si of albite dissolution in the hydrothermal flow systems under different flow velocities were always obtained at 300℃, that is to say, the maximum albite dissolution rates in the flow systems, regardless of different flow rates, were repeatedly measured at 300℃. Results indicate a wide fluctuation in albite dissolution rates occurring close to the critical point of water. The dissolution rates increased when the temperatu     

Hydrochemistry of formation water with implication to diagenetic reactions in Sanzhao depression and Qijia-gulong depression of Songliao Basin, China

The Sanzhao depression and Qijia-gulong depression are two of the most important hydrocarbon-bearing sub-depressions in the Songliao basin, dominated by Cretaceous fluvial and lacustrine strata with volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks. In this paper, the pressure distributions and hydrochemistry variations in those two depressions are investigated. It is found that the Qijia-gulong depression is dominated by overpressure, but the Sanzhao depression is dominated by underpressure, especially in the Quantou formation. The salinity of formation water ranges from 1.0 g/L to 20 g/L, with a mean of 4 g/L in most formations. Water composition is dominated by NaHCO₃ water type but varies greatly in salinity and ionic ratios in the different depressions. The results of mass balance calculation reveal that, fluid chemistry in the Qijia-gulong depression is dominated by dissolution of silicate minerals and halite, whereas in the Sanzhao depression it is dominated by silicate mineral dissolution, evaporite dissolution (halite and gypsum), carbonate mineral dissolution/precipitation, and cation exchange.