中国铜矿资源找矿前景

从中国60年铜矿勘查程度研究入手,分析了铜矿床的产出与勘查程度的空间、强度的内在联系。统计结果表明,铜矿床的规模与勘查程度呈正相关,发现一个大型铜矿床所需要的钻探工作量为(12.5～16)×104m,发现一个中型铜矿床需要的钻探工作量至少为(4.8～5.48)×104m。面积约占中国2/3的中西部地区,铜矿的勘查程度低或极低,查明铜矿床的数量和储量仅占全国的17%和34%,西部地区还具有巨大的找矿潜力。选择勘查程度较低或极低、又具备铜矿成矿地质背景的区域作为铜矿成矿区带,在区带内利用已发现的铜矿床、矿(化)点和可能具有反映铜矿化显示的化探异常等因素圈定找矿远景区。在提高勘查程度就有可能发现更多资源储量的前提下,采用高勘查程度区铜资源储量的特征和参数,对低勘查程度区的铜资源储量进行类比预测,估算全国铜资源潜力为(5591～18483)×104t,其中西部低勘查程度区的潜在铜资源量为(5591～13660)×104t,可发现大型铜矿床30～70个。铜找矿远景区主要分布在西藏冈底斯、班公湖,西南三江,新疆东天山,内蒙古大兴安岭,中东部铜矿山深部及外围。     

我国北方地区对流层中下层臭氧收支

为了揭示我国北方地区对流层中下层臭氧(O₃) 的形成机理以及周边地区的污染输送对我国北方地区对流层中下层O₃收支的影响, 在与外场观测数据比较分析的基础上, 利用全球化学输送模式(MOZART-2) 采用收支分析方法定量分析了影响我国北方地区对流层中下层O₃的各个物理化学过程。结果表明:我国北方地区对流层下层O₃最重要的来源是光化学生成作用, 约占总来源的58.3%(41.5 Tg), 光化学生成反应中HO₂对于O₃生成的贡献最大; 最大的汇是干沉降过程, 约占总汇的43.2%(26.2Tg); 水平净输送作用对我国北方地区对流层中下层O₃收支的影响非常大, 在我国北方地区对流层下层, 41.6%左右的O₃来自水平净输送, 随高度增加, 水平输送影响增大, 我国北方地区对流层中层大约81.5%的O₃来自水平净输送。     

外掺剂加固吹填泥浆的机理分析

以吹填土的粒度成分、化学成分、物理化学性质测试为基础,从物理化学角度出发,对混合体系中的物理化学反应进行分类阐述,结合加固后土体结构强度的测算和微观结构特征分析,对外掺剂加固吹填泥浆的机理加以探讨。     

地球化学模式程序在铀矿找矿中的应用——以巴音戈壁盆地塔木素地区为例

首先简述了地球化学模式程序、与铀成矿有关的水文地球化学参数及区域地质、水文地球化学概况,并研究了区内水文地球化学环境。在此基础上,依据区内水质分析资料,运用地球化学模式程序(PHREEQC)计算了下白垩统地下水中沥青铀矿饱和指数(SI)、Eh反应条件边界值(Ehb,U)及Eh反应条件指数(RCIEh)等。认为该区局部地段在下白垩统地下水的深部存在Ehw﹤Ehb,U,RCIEh<0,SI>0的条件,即地下水处于过渡环境中,地下水中铀处于沉淀析出的饱和或过饱和状态,与岩石地球化学环境吻合性较好。因而在区内具有铀矿化的可能性,已被区内发现的工业铀矿化得到了证实。     

论硫化氢生成的地质条件

根据硫化氢的赋存环境、组成特征和热还原反应模拟试验等,提出硫化氢生成需具备五项基本地质条件:(1)地层中富含石膏;(2)富含还原剂—烃类物质;(3)较大埋深或较高的地温条件;(4)地层水作为介质和反应场所;(5)严密的封存体系。热还原反应必须在有水条件下才能进行,硫酸盐水解后的硫酸根是硫化氢的直接供体。硫化氢的生成实际经历了一个天然气向地层水的溶入和脱出过程,两者的密切关系造成含硫化氢天然气通常出现在气-水界面附近,密封条件极好的岩性气藏或构造气藏当中,构造低部位或气藏下倾方向。但是,后期构造抬升有可能造成硫化氢与地层水的分离。     

Diffusion of helium in zircon and apatite

Diffusion of helium has been characterized in natural zircon and apatite. Polished slabs of zircon and apatite, oriented either normal or parallel to c were implanted with 100 keV ³He at a dose of 5 × 10^{15 3} He/cm². Diffusion experiments on implanted zircon and apatite were run in Pt capsules in 1-atm furnaces. ³He distributions following experiments were measured with Nuclear Reaction Analysis using the reaction ³He(d,p)⁴He. For diffusion in zircon we obtain the following Arrhenius relations:

Although activation energies for diffusion normal and parallel to c are comparable, there is marked diffusional anisotropy, with diffusion parallel to c nearly 2 orders of magnitude faster than transport normal to c. These diffusivities bracket the range of values determined for He diffusion in zircon in bulk-release experiments, although the role of anisotropy could not be directly evaluated in those measurements.In apatite, the following Arrhenius relation was obtained over the temperature range of 148–449 °C for diffusion normal to c:

In contrast to zircon, apatite shows little evidence of anisotropy. He diffusivities obtained in this study fall about an order of magnitude lower than diffusivities measured through bulk release of He through step-heating, and within an order of magnitude of determinations where ion implantation was used to introduce helium and He distributions measured with elastic recoil detection.Since the diffusion of He in zircon exhibits such pronounced anisotropy, helium diffusional loss and closure cannot be modeled with simple spherical geometries and the assumption of isotropic diffusion. A finite-element code (CYLMOD) has recently been created to simulate diffusion in cylindrical geometry with differing radial and axial diffusion coefficients. We present some applications of the code in evaluating helium lost from zircon grains as a function of grain size and length to diameter ratios, and consider the effects of “shape anisotropy”, where diffusion is isotropic (as in the case of apatite) but shapes of crystal grains or fragments may depart significantly from spherical geometry.     

新疆干旱区沉积物金属催化-光化学反应生成硝酸盐试验研究

硝酸盐矿物是自然界溶解度最大的盐类矿物之一,是极端干旱气候条件下从卤水中蒸发析出的产物,在新疆罗布泊等地出现了多处硝酸盐富集区.目前,新疆的硝酸盐矿层主要发现于全新统,反映出该地区在晚更新世末一全新世时期出现了极端干旱气候条件.根据沉积物地球化学分析,发现罗布泊等硝酸盐富集区出现有硝酸盐矿物沉积,其孔隙和晶间卤水的硝酸根含量很高,同时,沉积物也富含Fe、Ti、Cr、Mn、Cu等重金属元素.为此,将这些重金属元素作为催化剂,设计了4组光化学反应试验,通过野外实地与室内模拟金属催化一光化学反应试验产生了硝酸根离子.因此,本研究认为,干旱区的硝酸根离子的来源与金属的催化-光化学反应有密切的关系,提出了Ti等金属催化-光化学反应是新疆干旱区内硝酸盐形成的主要机制.     

天然钒钛磁铁矿非均相Fenton法降解酸性橙Ⅱ的研究

用XRD、FTIR及TG-DSC等手段对磁选后的天然钒钛磁铁矿进行结构表征,然后在酸性条件下,探讨天然钒钛磁铁矿非均相Fenton法催化降解酸性橙Ⅱ的性能。结果表明:磁选后的天然磁铁矿主要以钛磁铁矿为主,同时含有少量的钛铁矿和绿泥石。降解实验结果表明,天然钒钛磁铁矿催化降解酸性橙Ⅱ的能力明显强于人工合成的单相磁铁矿,并随着钛磁铁矿含量的增加而增强。降解过程以异相Fenton反应为主,动力学曲线符合准一级方程。反应开始210min后,天然钒钛磁铁矿对酸性橙Ⅱ的矿化率约为30%。在降解过程中,苯环和萘环逐步断裂。     

引江济太对太湖水体碱性磷酸酶动力学参数的影响

采用野外定点采样、室内同步分析水体碱性磷酸酶活性及水化学指标的方法,研究引江济太调水对太湖各湖区水体碱性磷酸酶最大反应速率(v_max)、米氏常数(Km_m)值的影响。结果表明:在引江济太调水试验期间,各湖区水体中v_max及Km_m值时空分布存在差异性。调水稀释了各湖区蓝藻浓度,抑制了水体碱性磷酸酶v_max;贡湖区、西岸河口区及湖心区水体中Km_m值与入湖累积水量之间有显著的二次函数关系(p=0.007)。梅梁湖、竺山湖、贡湖及西岸河口区水体碱性磷酸酶v_max/Km_m随着总磷浓度升高而增加,但竺山湖、贡湖、草型湖、湖心及西岸河口区水体v_max/K随生物可利用磷(PO₃--P)浓度增加而下降。除草型湖区外,其它湖区水体v/K随叶绿素a浓度升高而增加。     

Deformation of amphibolites via dissolution–precipitation creep in the middle and lower crust

Continuous compositional zoning in amphibole grains in strongly deformed and lineated amphibolites from the Eastern Blue Ridge, North Carolina indicates that most of the deformation was accommodated by dissolution–precipitation creep. Amphibole in most samples shows moderate prograde and/or retrograde zoning parallel to the long‐axis with compositions ranging between magnesiohornblende and tschermakite. In one sample, grains are zoned from actinolitic (Si = 7.9 p.f.u.) cores to tschermakitic (Si = 6.2 p.f.u) rims. Amphibole‐plagioclase thermometry suggests prograde growth temperatures as low as 400 °C, but typically range from 650 to 730 °C and retrograde growth temperatures <700 °C. These estimates are corroborated quantitatively with amphibole‐garnet‐plagioclase thermobarometry and qualitatively with a positive correlation between TiO₂ concentration in amphibole and calculated temperature. This growth zoning provides persuasive evidence that amphibole precipitation produced the fabric, but evidence for dissolution is less common. It is present, however in the form of truncations of complicated zoning patterns produced by healed fractures and overgrowths in low‐temperature cores by high‐temperature tschermakitic grains lacking similar internal structures. The preservation of this network of straight cracks filled with optically continuous amphibole also provides evidence against the operation of dislocation creep even to temperatures >700 °C because dislocation‐creep would have deformed the fracture network. Thus, these amphibolites deformed by dissolution–precipitation creep that produced a strong linear fabric under upper amphibolite facies, middle‐to‐lower crustal conditions. The significance of this discovery is that dissolution–precipitation creep is activated at lower stresses than dislocation creep and that the strength of the lower crust, where amphibole is the dominant mineral is probably lower than that derived from experimental studies.