Vertical impedance of tapered piles considering the vertical reaction of surrounding soil and construction disturbance

The pile–soil system is divided into layers of sufficient number such that the shear stiffness at the pile–soil interface can be determined based on the complex stiffness transfer method. The vertical reaction of surrounding soil on the annular projections at the interface of adjacent pile segments is simplified using Voigt model, whose spring and damping coefficients are derived afterward, allowing an amended impedance function transfer method to be proposed. Using the amended impedance function transfer method, the dynamic equilibrium equation of the pile is solved to give an analytical solution for the impedance function at the pile top. By comparing the solution proposed in this paper with other solutions, the superiority of the bearing capacity of a tapered pile is further confirmed. A parameter study is then conducted to give insight into the coupled interaction of the vertical reaction of the surrounding soil with construction disturbance in the low-frequency range concerned in the seismic design of the pile foundations.     

Additions to the echinoid fauna of New Zealand

Seven species of echinoids are added to the New Zealand fauna, two being described as new species of the genera Caenopedina and Spatangus Described species, new to the fauna, are Gracilechinus multidentatus (H. L. Clark), Pourtalesia laguncula A. Agassiz, Hemiaster expergitus gibbosus A. Agassiz, and Gymnopatagus magnus A. Agassiz and H. L. Clark. Fragments of Spatangus, possibly hybrid S. thor Fell, and fragments of Echinocardium, almost certainly not E. cordatum (Pennant), are also described.     

Criteria for aging and sexing New Zealand oystercatchers

Criteria based on external characters are presented for aging and sexing the three New Zealand species of oystercatcher, Haematopus ostralegus finschi Martens, 1897, H. unicolor Forster, 1844, and H. chathamensis Hartert, 1927. Four classes are discerned: juveniles have brown dorsal plumage, a brown iris and grey legs; second‐year birds have an orange‐red iris and pale pink legs; sub‐adults have a dull red iris and pink legs; adults have a scarlet iris and bright coral pink legs. The three species can be sexed by discriminant analysis of the sexually dimorphic characters bill length (x ₁), bill length:bill depth (x ₂) and bill length:bill width (x ₃). Linear functions and discriminating values for predicting sex are :

H. ostralegus finschi 0.46x ₁+3.15x ₂+2.94x ₃, 77.41;

H. unicolor 0.12x₁+6.52x₂+2.85x₃ , 58.05; and

H. chathamemis ‐0.93x ₁+1.50x ₂+7.48x ₃, ‐20.86.

Similarly, the sexes of immature H. ostralegus finschi can be predicted :

juveniles 0.73x₁+ 5.76x ₂ + 3.10 _x3 116.57;

second‐year birds 0.57x ₁+5.12x ₂+ 0.98x ₈, 84.84; and

sub‐adults 0.55x ₁+1.88x ₂+ 1.08x ₃, 65.90.’     

Matrix rheology effects on reaction rim growth II: coupled diffusion and creep model

Chemical reactions and phase changes generally involve volume changes. In confined settings this will cause a mechanical deformation of the matrix that surrounds the reaction sites where the volume change takes place. Consequently, mineral reactions and the mechanical response of the rock matrix are coupled. A companion paper in this issue illustrates this coupling with experiments where quartz and olivine react to form enstatite reaction rims under ambient conditions of 1 GPa and 1000 °C. It has been demonstrated that for identical run conditions, the thickness of the reaction rims depends on whether quartz grains are embedded in an olivine matrix or olivine grains are included in a quartz matrix. The experimental conditions, the nature of the results, and the large volume change of the reaction (?6%) leave only viscous creep as a viable matrix response to the reaction progress. A model is developed for this reaction, which combines diffusion of chemical components through the growing rim and viscous creep of the matrix. The resulting rate law for reaction rim growth in spherical geometry shows that the progress rate is proportional to the reaction overstepping and controlled by the slower of the two competing processes; either diffusion or creep. If diffusion is rate limiting the usual linear proportionality between rim growth and results. However, if viscous creep is rate limiting, then the reaction rates are reduced and may become effectively creep controlled. With respect to the experiments in the companion paper it is inferred that the effective viscosity of the two matrix materials, i.e. polycrystalline quartz and olivine, differ by approximately one order of magnitude with the quartz being the stronger one. The absolute values of the inferred viscosities correspond well to published flow laws. The rheological properties of natural rocks are well within the parameter range for which significant mechanical control on reaction rim growth is expected. This implies that for the interpretation of natural reaction rims and corona structures both diffusion and mechanical control need to be considered. In addition the mechanical effect also needs to be considered when interdiffusion coefficients are retrieved from rim growth experiments. This should also be considered for geospeedometry analyses. Furthermore, the control on reaction rate because of slow creep of the matrix is expected to be even more important, compared to the experiments, under colder crustal conditions and may contribute substantially to the frequent observation of only partially completed reactions. We suggest that this phenomenon is referred to as ‘mechanical closure’, which may be an important mechanism in the kinetic displacement of the boundaries between the stability fields of phase assemblages.     

On the origin of oil-field water in the Biyang Depression of China

We have surveyed groundwater samples collected from oil and gas reservoirs in the Biyang Depression of China and quantitatively analyzed the chemical features of those samples using the proportional coefficients. Three different proportional coefficients, namely the de-calcium–magnesium, the boron–calcium–magnesium, and the chloration coefficients have been calculated. These three coefficients reflect the strength of de-calcium–magnesium reaction, the trace elements concentrations, and the degree of diagenesis of the oil-field water, respectively. The concentrations of calcium and magnesium ions are found to be very low in the groundwater of the Biyang Depression. The concentration of anion in the oil-field groundwater changes greatly with the salinity of groundwater in the Biyang Depression. In low salinity oil field, bicarbonate is generally the dominating anion; but when salinity increases, sulfate gradually replaces bicarbonate to become the dominating anion. However, in high salinity oil field, chloride is the dominating anion. Bromine, iodine, and boron are found to be relatively rich in oil-field water of Biyang Depression. The results show that extensive dolomite deposited near the center of the depression was resulted from de-calcium–magnesium reaction, and the degree of diagenesis of the oil-field water and concentrations of trace elements increase with buried depth in the reservoir.     

热化学硫酸盐还原作用(TSR)与贵州汞(金锑)矿床成因机制再探讨——从黔东锰矿古天然气渗漏沉积成矿理论得到的启示

受黔东地区南华纪锰矿的古天然气渗漏成矿理论启示,在研究贵州典型汞矿成矿作用的地球化学机理的基础上,本文将热化学硫酸盐还原反应(TSR)引入成矿过程。提出富含汞(包括气态汞)、还原硫、Cl^-的含矿—运矿流体与含汞围岩相互作用,进一步论证推断深部油气藏的圈闭体系和围岩都可能是汞的重要来源。在较高温度条件下,有油气(烃类)参与的硫酸盐热化学还原作用是还原硫(H_2S、HS^-、S^2-)的主要来源,而油气(烃类)在成矿作用中发挥了还原剂的重要作用。含矿的热流体(藏)渗漏或者喷溢,同时又溶解流经围岩中以辰砂、单质汞等形式存在的汞,转变为可溶解的汞—硫配合物而运移,在系统从封闭转为开放的构造作用下,气体组分逸失,在还原硫浓度m(S^2-)降低、Eh升高、pH降低、压力和温度降低以及盐度降低等物理化学条件下成矿。类比研究显示,贵州一些金、锑等金属矿床具有与此类汞矿床类似的成矿机理。故20世纪80年代以来的这类(汞、金、锑)金属矿床的沉积—改造成因及作者提出的相关地球化学机理应当加以适当修正。     

西藏班公湖—怒江缝合带中段东巧地幔橄榄岩岩石成因及构造环境分析

东巧蛇绿岩位于班公湖—怒江缝合带中段,根据地理位置特征并以强玛镇为中心将东巧岩体划分为东西两个岩体。其中西岩体相对面积较大,由地幔橄榄岩、枕状玄武岩、辉长辉绿岩等组成;而东岩体面积较小,仅含地幔橄榄岩部分,各个不同单元之间呈断层接触关系。对东巧地幔橄榄岩开展岩石学、矿物学及地球化学研究发现:(1)东巧地幔橄榄岩以方辉橄榄岩为主,纯橄岩所占比例较小,约15%。豆荚状铬铁矿主要呈条带浸染状赋存在厚层且延伸较远的纯橄岩中。(2)东巧地幔橄榄岩中单斜辉石含量小于3%,矿物地球化学和全岩地球化学特征显示其来源于尖晶石相地幔源区的部分熔融,且部分熔融程度较高,估算在22%～28%,高于深海地幔橄榄岩的部分熔融程度(10%～22%)。(3)东巧地幔橄榄岩中的副矿物铬尖晶石Cr#值较高大于60,全岩具有U型球粒陨石标准化稀土元素配分模式,同时Rb、U、Zr和Sr相对富集,Hf和Nb相对亏损。全岩的地球化学特征指示了俯冲带之上的残余地幔与流体/熔体发生了反应,致使轻稀土元素以及部分微量元素选择性富集。综合东巧地幔橄榄岩的矿物化学组成成分以及全岩的地球化学特征,认为东巧地幔橄榄岩形成于大洋中脊的扩张环境中,后受到洋内俯冲作用的影响,导致俯冲带之上高度部分熔融的地幔橄榄岩与流体/熔体发生相互作用。     

基于行波分离的VTI介质逆时偏移

现阶段,各向同性介质假设已经不能满足复杂地质构造条件下的成像需求,忽略介质各向异性影响会使速度估计不准确,成像精度降低。为此,笔者从VTI介质一阶速度—应力方程出发,利用Poynting矢量特性对地震波进行方向行波分离,得出了基于上下行波分离的互相关成像条件,并将其应用在复杂VTI介质中。通过层状模型和SEG/EAGE岩丘模型测试验证了该算法的有效性以及在成像上的优越性;另外,当偏移速度不准确时,本文方法仍能够有效压制偏移噪声,成像质量更佳。     

黑钨矿有效沉淀机制:CO2逃逸

黑钨矿是石英脉钨矿床的主要矿石矿物,其沉淀机制一直存在争议。CO₂逃逸能否造成黑钨矿有效沉淀尚缺乏定量模型的评价。文章建立了W-Fe-Cl-Na-O-C-H体系的反应平衡模型,涉及22种组分和16个化学反应;相关热力学参数来自SUPCRT数据库。模型计算结果表明,pH与流体压力呈负相关关系,而钨溶解度与流体压力呈正相关关系;当成矿流体压力从静岩压力降至静水压力水平,钨溶解度降幅可达到27%~47%,降幅与温度和深度成正比。因而,降压造成的CO₂逃逸是黑钨矿沉淀的有效机制之一。      

地面臭氧光化学过程规律的初步研究

给出了1996年夏季在广东肇庆鼎湖山对光化辐射、地面O3、NO、NO2浓度的观测结果,对影响地面O3、NO、NO2的主要因子进行了分析。晴天,地面O3、NO、NO2浓度有明显的日变化;阴天,它们的日变化比较复杂。晴天和阴天,在lnQUVB/m和lnQvis/m(其中QUVB为紫外B辐射,Qvis为可见光辐射,m为大气质量)与地面O3、NO,NO2浓度、整层大气水汽含量(q1、q2、q3、q4)之间存在着很好的相关关系。利用得到的关系式计算了地面O3浓度,在紫外和可见光波段,计算值与观测值符合得都比较好。