Regional runoff prediction through aggregation of first-order hydrological process knowledge: a case study

Abstract

The dominant processes concept was used to develop a regionally applicable rainfall—runoff model. The first-order runoff processes are identified through a combination of field investigations, physico-geographical analysis of the research area, the Alzette River basin in the Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg, and discharge data series analysis. Lithology appeared to be the major source of discrepancy in hydrological behaviour over the total area. As a result, the hydrological behaviour of each lithological substratum was characterized and conceptualized into a parsimonious model structure. The runoff signals were calibrated against the hourly-recorded discharge series of eight sub-basins, with parameter sensitivity and correlation analysis outlining the need for minor corrections to the model structure. Validation against another set of 10 sub-basins showed good results for the regional parameter set, with an average loss in efficiency (R_eff) of 0.04, compared to the reference model, with a mean R_eff of 0.79. Due to an up-scaling effect, inducing variations in the dominance of particular runoff processes, some anomalies were found in the performance of individual runoff characteristics. In this respect, limiting the application of the model to a certain spatial scale gives a high reliability of the prediction of the dynamics of hourly runoff in ungauged basins within the study area.     

水-岩化学作用等效裂纹扩展细观力学模型

从化学腐蚀下岩石细观结构的变化出发,研究水化学溶液对岩石中裂纹的腐蚀作用。运用地球化学矿物-水反应的溶解动力学,考查水-岩反应化学溶液中不同时间段离子浓度的变化,从理论上探讨化学腐蚀下等效裂纹扩展的定量化分析方法。通过质量守恒定律计算出裂纹在迹长及隙宽方向的变化,将水化腐蚀等效成有效裂纹长度,建立了水-岩化学作用下等效裂纹扩展的计算公式并计算应力强度因子。通过对砂岩的研究结果表明,水-岩化学作用对岩石裂纹的扩展有显著影响,并且具有时间效应。同时,水化学溶液的离子浓度及pH值大小对裂纹的扩展存在影响,其中pH值的变化对岩石的断裂力学效应更加显著。当溶液的酸性越强或碱性越强,腐蚀越大,裂纹扩展越快;pH值为中性时,腐蚀作用得到较大缓解,裂纹发展缓慢。为定量研究裂隙岩体在水岩化学作用下的细观机理提供了一种新的思路。     

Eclogite-melt/peridotite reaction: Experimental constrains on the destruction mechanism of the North China Craton

To study the mechanism of melt-peridotite reaction pertinent to the destruction of the North China Craton (NCC) lithosphere, a series of experiments were performed at a pressure of 2.0 GPa and temperatures from 1250 to 1400°C using Bixiling eclogite and Damaping peridotite as starting materials. The experimental results show that the reaction between eclogite melt and peridotite causes dissolution of olivine and orthopyroxene and precipitation of clinopyroxene in the melt. The experimental run products, cha...     

MSCT增强碘对比剂副反应的预防与处理

目的:探讨多层螺旋CT(MSCT)增强过程中碘对比剂副反应的预防与处理。方法:应用64排VCT及压力注射器,通过程序法注射碘对比剂。结果:非离子型碘对比剂副反应发生率低于离子型碘对比剂,针对二者出现的不同程度的副反应给予相应的对症处理。结论:重视碘对比剂使用过程中的安全问题,通过有效预防、对症处理及正确选择碘对比剂可降低副反应发生率和重度反应致死率。     

SHRIMP U–Pb zircon chronology of ultrahigh‐temperature spinel–orthopyroxene–garnet granulite from South Altay orogenic belt,northwestern China

Diagnostic mineral assemblages, mineral compositions and zircon SHRIMP U–Pb ages are reported from an ultrahigh‐temperature (UHT) spinel–orthopyroxene–garnet granulite (UHT rock) from the South Altay orogenic belt of northwestern China. This Altay orogenic belt defines an accretionary belt between the Siberian and Kazakhstan–Junggar Plates that formed during the Paleozoic. The UHT rock examined in this study preserves both peak and retrograde metamorphic assemblages and microstructures including equilibrium spinel + quartz, and intergrowth of orthopyroxene, spinel, sillimanite, and cordierite formed during decompression. Mineral chemistry shows that the spinel coexisting with quartz has low ZnO contents, and the orthopyroxene is of high alumina type with Al₂O₃ contents up to 9.3 wt%. The peak temperatures of metamorphism were >950°C, consistent with UHT conditions, and the rocks were exhumed along a clockwise P–T path. The zircons in this UHT rock display a zonal structure with a relict core and metamorphic rim. The cores yield bimodal ages of 499 ± 8 Ma (7 spots), and 855 Ma (2 spots), with the rounded clastic zircons having ages with 490–500 Ma. Since the granulite was metamorphosed at temperatures >900°C, exceeding the closure temperature of U–Pb system in zircon, a possible interpretation is that the 499 ± 8 Ma age obtained from the largest population of zircons in the rock marks the timing of formation of the protolith of the rock, with the zircons sourced from a ～500 Ma magmatic provenance, in a continental margin setting. We correlate the UHT metamorphism with the northward subduction of the Paleo‐Asian Ocean and associated accretion‐collision tectonics of the Siberian and Kazakhstan–Junggar Plates followed by rapid exhumation leading to decompression.     

天然麻粒岩高温流变实验研究

本实验在气体介质三轴高温流变仪上,采用怀安瓦窑口麻粒岩,在温度900～1200℃、围压300 MPa、应变速率10~(-4)～10~(-6)/s条件下,开展高温流变实验.实验样品麻粒岩由斜长石(52%)、单斜辉石和斜方辉石(40%)、石英(3%)、磁铁矿和钛铁矿(5%)组成,矿物平均粒度为:斜长石294μm、单斜辉石和斜方辉石282μm、石英97μm、磁铁矿和钛铁矿109μm.利用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪分析获得变形后样品的水含量约为0.17±0.05wt%.实验样品的强度随温度升高而降低,随应变速率降低而降低.基于力学数据,采用稳态流变方程,获得实验样品在900～1000℃时的应力指数为8.1～12.9,在1050～1150℃时的应力指数为4.8～5.8,平均值5.2.应力指数随着温度升高而降低.显微结构和成分分析表明,在900℃时麻粒岩出现矿物压扁与定向拉长特征,样品以位错滑移和微破裂变形为主;在950～1000℃时,麻粒岩样品中颗粒边界变得圆滑,表现出位错攀移特征,辉石和磁铁矿边缘出现微量熔体;在1050～1200℃时麻粒岩出现部分熔融,而且随着温度和实验时间(应变)增加,熔体含量增加,熔体结晶出微粒斜长石、辉石和橄榄石,部分辉石通过固体反应生成橄榄石.颗粒边界熔体和矿物反应促进了扩散作用,导致位错攀移和熔体引起的扩散蠕变共同控制了麻粒岩的高温流变.     

刚性抗滑桩结构锚固深度的模糊随机可靠性分析

刚性抗滑桩结构的主要失稳模式是锚固段内桩侧土体受压失稳。为计算刚性抗滑桩结构的模糊随机可靠性指标和可靠度,首先根据抗滑桩滑面以下桩侧压应力 ?y在两个深度处的极值,分别建立两个极值下刚性抗滑桩锚固深度可靠性分析的结构功能函数。计算时,利用定值法比较两个极值的大小,选择较大的极值所对应的结构功能函数作为待计算的抗滑桩可靠性分析的结构功能函数,然后,考虑抗滑桩结构可靠性分析中的随机性和模糊性,建立模糊随机可靠性分析模型。在一次二阶矩法的基础上,推导出计算模糊随机可靠度的公式,用L-R型模糊数描述随机参数的均值和方差,利用分解定理处理模糊数,得到结构的随机模糊可靠性指标和可靠度。根据上述方法,利用MATLAB程序计算了某刚性抗滑桩,得出了结构的模糊可靠性指标和模糊可靠度,计算结果与安全系数法具有很好的一致性。     

催化剂与碱性缓冲液作用下欢喜岭油田稠油水热裂解反应实验

模拟注蒸气油藏条件,开展催化剂与碱性缓冲液作用下欢喜岭油田稠油的水热裂解反应模拟实验,向高温高压反应釜中加入稠油、水、催化剂、碱性缓冲液和油层矿物,在160～300℃温度下反应24～240h,测定反应前后稠油黏度、SARA族组成和元素组成,考察催化剂、反应时间、反应温度、油层矿物及铵盐碱性缓冲液等因素的影响.结果表明:在油溶性催化剂FeA2作用下,欢喜岭油田稠油在水热裂解反应后黏度显著降低,添加0.010mol/L的催化剂FeA2在240℃下反应24h可使稠油黏度降低62.4%;铵盐碱性缓冲液对稠油水热裂解反应具有协同催化作用,添加0.010mol/L的催化剂FeA2和质量分数为3.0%的铵盐碱性缓冲液在240℃下反应24h可使稠油黏度降低90.1%.稠油井经过水热裂解处理后周期产油量明显增加,周期油气比大幅提高,并且催化剂与碱性缓冲液协同处理的开采效果要明显好于催化剂处理的.添加催化剂与碱性缓冲液的水热裂解开采技术可应用于提高蒸气吞吐和蒸气驱等热采井的产量和采收率.     

Hydrogen collisions in planetary atmospheres, ionospheres, and magnetospheres

Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the universe. Molecular hydrogen is the dominant chemical species in the atmospheres of the giant planets. Because of their low masses, neutral and ionized hydrogen atoms are the dominant species in the high atmospheres of many planets. Finally, protons are the principal heavy component of the solar wind.Here we present a critical evaluation of the current state of understanding of the chemical reaction rates and collision cross sections for several important hydrogen collision processes in planetary atmospheres, ionospheres, and magnetospheres. Accurate ab initio quantum theory will play an important role. The collision processes are grouped as follows:

(a)

H⁺+H charge transfer,

(b)

H⁺+H₂(v) charge transfer and vibrational relaxation, and

(c)

H₂(v,J)+H₂ vibrational, rotational, and ortho-para relaxation.

In each case we provide explicit representations as tabulations or compact formulas. Particularly important conclusions are that H⁺+H₂(v) collisions are more likely to result in vibrational relaxation than charge transfer and H₂ ortho-para conversion is at least an order-of-magnitude faster than previously assumed.     

河北及邻区平均波速比变化特征分析

用和达法计算河北及邻区地震波速比并按照不同震级不同窗口作滑动平均。通过对唐山地区波速比变化特征与中强地震对应关系的定性分析,发现M_L≥1.5地震波速比曲线与M_L≥4.0的地震对应较好,提出异常指标进行定量统计得到该区波速比异常与地震的对应关系和预报效能;按照同样的思路对河北另外3个地区进行分析,发现各分区波速比异常既有共性特征也有差异。