Isobar Attenuation Using Anion–Gas Reactions for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry and Application to 36Cl

Preliminary tests of a prototype radio-frequency quadrupole (RFQ) collision cell system, known as an isobar separator for anions (ISA), for the removal of isobaric interferences for accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) and for studies of anion–gas interactions are reported. The ISA decelerated a mass-analysed beam of anions from an energy (∼ 20 keV) typically generated by an AMS ion source to < 10 eV. RFQs and electrostatic lenses then guided the ions through the collision cell where ion-gas collisions reduced both the energy and energy spread of the ion beam (cooled the ions) and ion-gas reactions attenuated most of the unwanted isobars. The anions were then re-accelerated to their original energy for injection into the rest of the AMS system. With the ISA installed on a full 3 MV AMS system, attenuations of ³²S^-, ¹²C₃^- and ³⁹K^- by six, seven and greater than ten orders of magnitude, respectively were achieved using 0.7–1 Pa NO₂ gas in the collision cell, while maintaining approximately 10–30% of the chlorine anion transmission. A further measurement of a ³⁶Cl/Cl = 4.1 × 10^-11 RM is also described. The results suggest that the ³⁶Cl/Cl lower detection limit of the current system was 10^-14–10^-15 for samples that could be prepared with S/Cl ratios below 10 μg g^-1.     

Can a reaction be written between a set of minerals within error?

Determining whether a reaction can be written between a set of minerals within error is an example of the more general problem of determining whether a set of compositions are coplanar within error. Generally if the compositions are of minerals, ‘within error’ should allow the minerals to maintain stoichiometry. The problem is addressed via the addition of a ‘bogus’ composition to the set, and calculating the reaction coefficients for a reaction between the compositions in this augmented set. A reaction can be written if a confidence interval on the reaction coefficient of ‘bogus’ includes zero. The reaction coefficients can be solved for directly when the problem is posed in terms of least squares with equality constraints. The confidence interval is determined with a bootstrap method, allowing the result to depend on the scatter of the data around the solution of the least squares problem, not on the data uncertainties     

新疆北山地区坡十镁铁-超镁铁岩体的岩石学特征及其对成矿作用的指示

新疆北山地区的坡十镁铁-超镁铁岩体在钻孔剖面上主要由辉长岩、纯橄岩和二辉橄榄岩组成,各岩相在矿物含量上具有渐变过渡的关系,主要组成矿物橄榄石、单斜辉石和尖晶石的化学成分显示系统的变化,而底部的二辉橄榄岩中的矿物成分具有“边缘反转”现象.这些特征表明坡十岩体的形成主要受结晶分异作用控制,亦有明显的壳源混染痕迹.以反应边形式出现在辉石边部的角闪石的出现,尖晶石的分解现象,以及角闪石和金云母化学成分剖面上的系统变化揭示该岩体经历了堆晶后自上而下程度减弱的蚀变反应.在早期结晶的矿物相(橄榄石和尖晶石)中发现有硫化物颗粒或细脉产出,表明在岩浆演化的早期阶段确实发生了硫化物熔离的现象.硫化物总与含水矿物(金云母)或蚀变矿物(角闪石和蛇纹石)相伴生的特点显示铜镍硫化物的形成和沉淀不仅与壳源混染有关,而且也与堆晶后的蚀变反应密切相关.     

碳酸盐岩系有机氮与无机氧热化学交换作用研究

深埋碳酸盐岩储层中的水与金属氧化物可能会影响到吡咯类含氮化合物的保存。对吡咯—水—氧化铝反应体系进行了热模拟实验研究,根据模拟实验结果,探讨了反应机理,并考察了反应的动力学特征。结果表明,吡咯—水—氧化铝体系可以发生反应,产物主要为呋喃与氨气,升高温度对反应有利。氧化铝对有机氮与无机氧热化学交换作用起到了明显的催化作用...     

Experimental dehydration kinetics of serpentinite using pore volumometry

A series of dehydration experiments was carried out on both intact rock and cold-pressed powdered samples of serpentinite at temperatures in the range 535–610 °C, 100–170 °C above the onset of the breakdown temperature of 435 °C. Pore water pressures near 120 MPa were servo-controlled using a pore volumometer that also allowed dehydration reaction progress to be monitored through measurement of the amount of evolved water. Effective hydrostatic confining pressures were varied between 0 and 113 MPa. The reaction rate of intact specimens of initially near-zero porosity was constant up to 50–80% reaction progress at any given temperature, but decreased progressively as transformation approached completion. Water expulsion rates were not substantially affected by elevation of effective pressures that remained insufficient to cause major pore collapse. An Arrhenius relation links reaction rate to temperature with an activation enthalpy of 429 ± 201 and 521 ± 52 kJ mol⁻¹ for powdered and intact specimens, respectively. Microstructural study of intact specimens showed extensive nucleation beginning at pre-existing cracks, veins and grain boundaries, and progressing into the interior of the lizardite grains. Extrapolation of these data towards equilibrium temperature provides an upper bound on the kinetics of this reaction in nature.     

Site-specific prediction of West Nile virus mosquito abundance in Greater Toronto Area using generalized linear mixed models

Mosquito surveillance programs provide a primary means of understanding mosquito vector population dynamics for the risk assessment of human exposure to West Nile virus (WNv). The lack of spatial coverage and missing observations in mosquito surveillance data often challenge our efforts to predict this vector-borne disease and implement control measures. We developed a WNv mosquito abundance prediction model in which local meteorological and environmental data were synthesized with entomological data in a generalized linear mixed modeling framework. The discrete nature of mosquito surveillance data is accommodated by a Poisson distributional assumption, and the site-specific random effects of the generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) capture any fluctuation unexplained by a general trend. The proposed Poisson GLMMs efficiently account for the nested structure of mosquito surveillance data and incorporate the temporal correlation between observations obtained at each trap by a first-order autoregressive model. In the case study, Bayesian inference of the proposed models is illustrated using a subset of mosquito surveillance data in the Greater Toronto Area. The relevance of the proposed GLMM tailored to WNv mosquito surveillance data is highlighted by the comparison of model performance in the presence of inevitable but quantifiable uncertainties.     

基于阻尼器反力墙体系的特大型LNG储罐控制研究

特大型液化天然气（LNG）储罐的固有频率通常介于2~10 Hz之间,处于大部分地震运动的频率范围之内。在过去的几十年中,许多事故已经证明,储罐在地震作用下很容易遭破坏。使用隔震支座来减少储罐的地震作用已经被证明是非常有效的,但对于特大型LNG储罐,其连接组件对隔震层层间位移有严格限制,尤其是在软土场地中,桩水平抗力与隔震层位移是一对矛盾,普通隔震系统会在隔震层产生较大位移,导致特大型LNG储罐连接组件的设计非常困难。因此提出了一种由环形阻尼器反力墙、粘滞阻尼器以及安装于基桩顶端的隔震支座组成的新型隔震系统,反力墙独立设置于地基中,不与桩基连接,罐底的部分剪力直接向反力墙传递。以容量为16万m3的特大型LNG储罐为例,建立多自由度集中质量简化模型,以层间位移、桩基剪力作为性能指标进行了评价分析。结果显示,新型隔震系统对特大型LNG储罐隔震层位移及桩基剪力的控制非常有效。     

Reaction microstructures in corundum‐ and kyanite‐bearing mafic mylonites from the Takahama metamorphic rocks,western Kyushu,Southwest Japan

High‐grade mylonites occur in the Takahama metamorphic rocks, a member of the high‐pressure low‐temperature type Nagasaki Metamorphic Rocks, western Kyushu, Japan. Mafic layers within the mylonites retain reaction microstructures consisting of margarite aggregates armoring both corundum and kyanite. The following retrograde reaction well accounts for the microstructures in the CaO–Al₂O₃–SiO₂–H₂O system: 3Al₂O₃ + 2Al₂SiO₅ + 2Ca₂Al₃Si₃O₁₂(OH) + 3H₂O = 2Ca₂Al₈Si₄O₂₀(OH)₄ (corundum + kyanite + clinozoisite + fluid = margarite). Mass balance analyses and chemical potential modeling reveal that the chemical potential gradients present between kyanite and corundum have likely driven the transport of the CaO and SiO₂ components. The mylonitization is considered to take place chronologically after peak metamorphism and before the above reaction, based on the following features: approximately constant thickness of the margarite aggregates, random orientation of margarite, and local modification of garnet composition at a boudin neck that formed during mylonitization. The estimated peak temperature of 640°C and the pressure–temperature conditions of the above reaction indicate that the mylonitization took place at temperature between 530 and 640°C at pressures higher than 1.2 GPa, approximately equivalent to the depth of the lower crust of island arcs.     

鱼类致病杀鲑诺卡氏菌(Nocardia salmonicida)特异性PCR检测方法的建立

鱼类诺卡氏菌病是全球性的鱼病,杀鲑诺卡氏菌(Nocardia salmonicida)是引起鱼类诺卡氏菌病的主要病原之一。根据杀鲑诺卡氏菌16S-23S转录间隔区(ITS)序列设计引物,建立特异性PCR检测杀鲑诺卡氏菌的方法。结果表明,筛选的PCR引物可特异性地扩增出杀鲑诺卡氏菌的ITS片段,检测灵敏度(DNA浓度)为28.3 pg·μL-1。检测人工感染杀鲑诺卡氏菌的鱼组织,结果显示,该方法可从未分离到病原菌的病鱼组织中检出阳性片段,较传统细菌分离鉴定方法更为高效灵敏。     

I.G.U. Commission on Rural Development,Sub-commission on Rural Development in Highlands and High-Altitude Zones

Theories which explain mental imagery are discussed and are related to cognitive maps. An experiment was conducted to illustrate that people can code information about maps as visual images and use map images for a map-reading task. Subjects were shown maps which were rotated at various angles from north-at-the-top. The time needed to decide if a map was a correct or mirror representation was recorded. The results support the notion that people did this task by forming and rotating map images.