The transfer matrix method applied to steel sheet pile walls

This paper proposes two subgrade reaction models for the analysis of steel sheet pile walls based on the transfer matrix method. In the first model a plastic hinge is generated when the maximum moment in the retaining structure is exceeded. The second model deals with a beam with an asymmetrical cross‐section that can bend in two directions. In the first part of this paper the transfer matrix method is explained on the basis of a simple example. Further the development of two computer models is described: Plaswall and Skewwall. The second part of this paper deals with an application of both models. In the application of Plaswall the effect of four current earth pressure theories to the subgrade reaction method is compared to a finite element calculation. It is shown that the earth pressure theory is of major importance on the calculation result of a sheet pile wall both with and without a plastic hinge. In the application of Skewwall the effectiveness of structural measures to reduce oblique bending is investigated. The results are compared to a 3D finite element calculation. It is shown that with simple structural measures the loss of structural resistance due to oblique bending can be reduced. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

乙烯底油HK～200℃馏分的催化聚合生产汽油工艺条件研究

介绍了以乙烯底油的HK～200℃馏分油为原料，用一种新配方的三氯化铝催化剂进行催化聚合，制取优质汽油的方法；对催化聚合反应的工艺条件进行了大量的实验研究，探索出生产中各种最佳的工艺参数．为中小型石油化工企业提供了一条经济效益显著的乙烯底油的综合利用途径。     

The effects of stress on reactions in the Earth: Sometimes rather mean,usually normal,always important

Stress affects chemical processes on all scales in the Earth but the magnitude of its effect is debated. Here, I give a new synthesis of the theory that describes the effects of stress on chemistry, elaborating upon work in Materials Science which is built from fundamental thermodynamic laws, and show its significance in Earth Science. There are separate but compatible relationships describing what happens (1) at interfaces and (2) within grains. (1) The main chemical effects of stress in the Earth are due to variations in normal stress along grain interfaces and between interfaces with different orientations. For reactions involving diffusion these variations give effects on mineral stability broadly equivalent to pressure changes of (molar volume)/(molar volume change during reaction) × (stress variation). The volume ratio is generally large and so the effects of normal stress variations are always important since all stressed rocks have interfaces supporting different normal stresses. There is no global chemical equilibrium in a stressed system, so reaction kinetics contribute to ongoing evolution until stresses relax: this evolution can include deformation by diffusion creep and pressure solution, possibly with new mineral growth. These effects are relevant for predicting the conditions for reactions involving fluids, such as serpentinite formation and breakdown (relevant for the Earth's volatile cycles) and for other reactions such as ringwoodite breakdown (relevant for understanding the 660 km mantle discontinuity). (2) Within stressed solid solution grains it is not possible to define chemical potentials of all chemical components since one has to be specified as “immobile.” The chemical potential of a “mobile” component such as an exchange vector can be defined. It depends on the “partial molar strain,” a second rank tensor defining the variation in unit cell geometry with composition. In cubic crystals the partial molar strain is isotropic and the chemical potential of a mobile component depends on mean stress. In other crystal systems the partial molar strain is anisotropic and the chemical potential depends on a “weighted” mean stress; orientation as well as magnitude of stress has an influence. I propose “chemical palaeopiezometry”—the possibility of measuring past stress levels via chemistry. Examples show that stress variations in hundreds of MPa to GPa are required to produce 2% variations in composition but high stresses and/or precise chemical analyses will allow this proposal to be tested. High stresses around inclusions and dislocations could be targeted. So, the weighted mean stress inside grains has an effect which is relatively minor although potentially valuable in explaining chemical variations; the normal stress at interfaces plays the main role in chemical processes and its effects are of significant magnitude.     

双(三氟甲基磺酰)亚胺锂的合成与表征

以三氟甲基磺酰氯为原料,经胺化、成盐、酸碱中和、复分解置换反应合成了无水双(三氟甲基磺酰)亚胺锂。通过研究温度、溶剂、反应时间、氨气通入速率等对反应产率的影响,优化了三氟甲基磺酰胺与双(三氟甲基磺酰)亚胺钾的合成条件。得到三氟甲基磺酰胺的最优合成条件为以乙腈为溶剂,氨气通入速度为0.8 m L/min,反应时间为1 h,反应温度为-10~-5℃;双(三氟甲基磺酰)亚胺钾的最优合成条件为反应时间3 h,反应温度-10~-5℃。利用FT-IR、13C-NMR和ICP对中间产物与最终产物进行了表征。双(三氟甲基磺酰)亚胺锂的产率为72.65%。     

岱海近400年以来的环境变化:高分辨率XRF岩芯扫描结果的研究

岱海是东亚夏季风边缘地带的闭流型半咸水湖泊,其汇水流域降水量的变化易于引发湖泊水位和水化学变动。选用DH11-1岩芯进行1 mm分辨率XRF元素扫描分析,并对测试结果进行多元数理统计分析,旨在查明这些元素与外源碎屑、自生碳酸盐沉积以及岱海水位、水化学变化的关联。结果显示,Si、Al、Ti、K、Fe、Rb等元素相关性好,并呈现相似的变化趋势,其含量变化与主要河流带入的碎屑物的多寡有关;Ca元素主要反映沉积物中自生碳酸盐即文石和方解石矿物含量的增减。研究发现,在人类活动严重影响之前,岱海在过去~400年期间的环境特征总体可划分为4个阶段,各阶段的水位、水化学特征及水量平衡有所不同,总体受汇水盆地降水量变化的控制。此外,沉积物中Cu、Zn、Cr可能与人类活动影响有关。     

冲积性河流河床冲淤调整对洪水泥沙过程的响应——以黄河游荡型河段为例

为研究冲积性河流造床机理,基于能量耗散原理分析河床调整与水沙过程（变异特性）间的关系十分必要。以黄河游荡型河段为例,利用实测资料分析和平面二维水沙数值模拟方法,进行了各种洪水泥沙条件下河流冲淤规律的探讨。研究发现平滩面积、河相系数与径流泥沙特征值间存在的关联性映射出冲积性河流能量关系中的制约机制;不同洪水泥沙过程的河床冲刷强度变化具有阶段性,主槽累积刷槽效应与洪水泥沙过程有密切响应关系;高效输沙的洪水过程通过塑造最适宜的河床断面形态,能实现最佳输沙效率与主槽的最大冲刷。在不同漫滩洪水条件中,综合系数Φ最大时的洪水过程具有最大累积刷槽效应,因此对应流量可作为黄河下游漫滩洪水的调控指标。     

A comment on diffusion and the displacement of atoms in metamorphic transformations

Experimental data on diffusion in olivine , are used to define certain terms – diffusion coefficient, jump frequency, characteristic distance, random walk – that are useful in a discussion of atom displacements under natural conditions. Examples of atom displacements in two metamorphic terranes of the Canadian Precambrian Shield are then examined, as follows. (i) In a high‐grade metamorphic terrane in the Mid‐Proterozoic Grenville Province (Otter Lake Area), Mg concentration gradients about dolomite microcrystals in calcite and Na gradients about albite microcrystals in K‐feldspar are viewed as stranded Mg–Ca and Na–K interdiffusion gradients, formed by exsolution during slow cooling from ~700 to ~400 °C. (ii) In the Archean Slave Province (Yellowknife area), the crystallization of sillimanite, near andalusite but within crystals of quartz, possibly occurred by coupled Al–Si and oxygen–vacancy interdiffusion in quartz at ~550 °C. And the crystallization of garnet from chlorite occurred by the two‐way crystal‐boundary diffusion of several kinds of atoms across distances ranging to 3 mm. (iii) In the Otter Lake area, the crystallization of orthopyroxene–hornblende–spinel reaction zones at boundaries between crystals of olivine and plagioclase in metagabbro, evidently occurred by the mechanism of interstitial diffusion, that transported Mg, Fe, Mn and O atoms across the reaction zone from olivine to the plagioclase–(hornblende+spinel) boundary, and Si, Al, Ca and Na atoms from plagioclase to the olivine–orthopyroxene boundary, accompanied by NaSi–CaAl interdiffusion in plagioclase, and the addition of hydrogen and minor Ti, Zn, F, Cl and K from beyond the reaction zone. Also, centimetric reaction zones, with abundant biotite and plagioclase, at boundaries between K‐feldspar gneiss and deformed amphibolite dykes, evidently formed by the reaction, strained hornblende (in amphibolite) + K‐feldspar (in gneiss)→biotite (in amphibolite) + plagioclase (in gneiss), with crystal‐boundary diffusion of (Na + Ca) atoms and of K atoms across the reaction zone.     

藏西南札达白垩纪海绿石的形成机制及控制因素

西藏札达地区夏拉剖面海绿石砂岩之下的地层中含有少量处于不同演化阶段的海绿石质物质。为了更好的理解海绿石化过程、查明海绿石的形成机制和控制因素,本文利用岩相学和扫描电镜(SEM)以及电子探针微分析(EPMA)等技术,对其中处于不同演化阶段的海绿石进行了系统的矿物学研究。分析表明,海绿石呈微晶片状集合体形态,具明显的交代特征。海绿石化过程主要表现为交代碱性长石或岩屑中的富钾组分,这种交代反应为溶解-沉淀-重结晶机制控制的界面迁移反应。交代形成的海绿石继承了原矿物或岩屑颗粒的外形,表明其形成于很弱的水动力学条件。交代过程受沉积物供应速率、母源物质的溶解速率和反应界面附近的氧化还原条件控制。铁铝蛇纹石的大量存在表明当时的环境主要为一种还原环境,而海绿石则形成于局部的亚氧化(sub-oxic)环境中。砂岩中不同演化程度的海绿石都表现出富钾贫铁的特征,表明交代碱性长石(或钾长石)或岩屑中的富钾组分的海绿石化过程不同于前人提出的新生理论和两阶段模式。元素的富集是通过与交代作用同时进行的重结晶作用完成的,该过程不需要前人提及的后期单独的钾富集的过程,并区别于交代贫钾矿物的过程。     

基于非线性滤波的风廓线雷达数据处理

针对实际工程中风廓线雷达风向、风速随高度分布取值的非线性特性以及非气象干扰因素,基于非线性化方法——扩展卡尔曼滤波法,对风廓线雷达探测数据进行滤波处理.先利用泰勒展开式的一次项对非线性方程作线性化处理,再结合经典的卡尔曼滤波进行滤波估计,将非线性滤波问题转化为一个近似的线性滤波问题.仿真实验结果表明,该方法可以有效去除风场数据中掺杂的噪声干扰,很好地发挥了其非线性特性,滤波效果优于传统的卡尔曼滤波,具有一定的工程应用前景.     

港珠澳大桥首级控制网四期测量成果比较与分析

在主体工程开工前,港珠澳大桥首级控制网完成了四期观测.通过对四期测量成果的比较分析,进一步验证了控制网的测量精度,评定了控制点的稳定性.本文运用误差分析理论和方法,制定了首级控制点工程坐标、观测高差及高程较差的限差标准,用以评定控制点稳定性,可供后续各期复测及其他类似跨海工程控制网参考.