Electromagnetic anomaly before earthquakes measured by electromagnetic experiments

Three experiments are carried out for earthquake monitoring using electromagnetic (EM) methods in recent years. Some earthquakes occurred in chance of the measurement time period for each experiment and the anomalies were recorded before the shocks. The observation at a site 20 km away from the epicenter of Zhangbei MS6.2 earthquake in 1998 shows that the apparent resistivity decreases in the strike direction before and/or during the earthquake and the resistivity increases in the de-cline direction. This a...     

A sensitivity analysis of Hortonian flow

We present a sensitivity analysis for infiltration excess (Hortonian) overland flow based on a classic laboratory experiment by Smith and Woolhiser [Smith RE, Woolhiser DA. Overland flow on an infiltrating surface. Water Resour Res 1971;7(4):899–913]. The model components of the compartment approach are comprised of a diffusive wave approximation to the Saint–Venant equations for overland flow, a Richards model for flow in the variably saturated zone, and an interface coupling concept that combines the two components. In the coupling scheme a hydraulic interface is introduced to allow the definition of an exchange flux between the surface and the unsaturated zone. The effects of friction processes, soil capillarity, hydraulic interface, and vertical soil discretization on both infiltration and runoff prediction are investigated in detail. The corresponding sensitivity analysis is conducted using a small-perturbation method. As a result the importance of the hydraulic processes and related parameters are evaluated for the coupled hydrosystem.     

怀来地震台伸缩仪EW向改进试验

对怀来台伸缩仪EW向基线固定端、传感器进行布设改进试验,将原有28m长基线改为两段短基线（东段：14．6m,西段：13．4m）。改进后,两条短基线取得了较好的观测成果,其中东段基线改造效果非常明显,观测曲线干扰减少,光滑度显著提高,观测数据精度明显优于改造前的观测数据。这次改造试验解决了困扰怀来台多年的难题。     

Investigation of liquefaction and pore water pressure development in layered sands

This paper presents the results of shaking table model tests which were carried out to investigate the pore water pressure generation and related liquefaction mechanism in layered sand deposits. The experiments were performed on uniform sand columns, silt interlayered sand columns and two layered sand columns deposited at various relative densities and subjected to different input excitations. During the experiments excess pore water pressures were measured by pore pressure transducers installed at three different depths and, surface settlements and thickness of water film developed under less permeable inclusions were measured by a digital camera. The experimental results are discussed and compared to demonstrate the effects of relative density, input acceleration and presence of a silt seam on the generation of excess pore water pressure in sand deposits subjected to dynamic loading. The results showed that the presence of a less permeable silt interlayer within the sand deposit and existence of a loose sand layer underlying dense sand deposits can have significant effect on the pore water pressure generation mechanism.     

中国东部上地幔岩石相转变及其意义

中国东部新生代玄武岩和大别-苏鲁超高压变质带中的含石榴石相橄榄岩, 带来了发生在上地幔的尖晶石→石榴石相转变和铝辉石→贫铝辉石+石榴石的重要信息, 为中国东部上地幔岩石结构分层奠定了重要基础.通过岩石学与实验岩石学的研究, 推导出发生相转变的P-T条件, 为建立中国东部大陆上地幔岩石分层结构提供了重要约束.尖晶石二辉橄榄岩向石榴石二辉橄榄岩相转变发生在55~70km, 随着深度增加, 石榴石二辉橄榄岩从富铝石榴石二辉橄榄岩(70~120km) 转变为贫铝石榴石二辉橄榄岩(> 120~150km).      

粉砂地基深基坑渗透破坏研究

在地下水丰富的砂土和粉土地区进行深基坑开挖,坑内降水施工或渗漏引起的渗透破坏问题是威胁基坑稳定性和周围环境的主要因素。通过模型试验结合数值模拟,研究了土体密实度、黏聚力、内摩擦角、桩土界面摩擦特性以及围护结构插入深度等因素对临界水力梯度以及渗透破坏模式的影响。研究表明,发生渗透破坏时的水力坡降不仅与土的密实度有关,还与土性、强度指标、桩表面粗糙度以及围护结构的插入深度等因素有关,这些结论为实际基坑工程分析提供了指导。     

崩落矿岩散粒体流动性能试验研究

崩落矿岩散粒体的流动性能对于降低损失贫化具有重要的意义。分析了影响散粒体流动性能的因素,采用标志颗粒法进行了崩落矿岩散粒体流动性能试验,主要考虑的因素有放矿口大小、散体颗粒的粒径以及不同的散体材料。试验内容有放矿口大小与散体移动带试验;不同散体粒径与散体移动带试验、不同散体材料与散体移动带试验;平面和立体模型时放矿口尺寸对放出量影响试验;散体堆积高度与散体移动带试验。研究结果表明,（1）移动边界与散体的材料、颗粒的尺寸大小、放矿口大小等因素有关,而散体堆积高度对其影响不大;（2）散体的流动速度与散体颗粒的大小和放矿口尺寸有关。根据所得试验结果,提出了采矿设计参数的确定方法。     

不同沙源供给条件下砾石床面的风沙流结构与蚀积量变化风洞实验研究

通过对不同沙源供给条件下各种砾石床面的风沙流结构、床面风蚀及堆积沙量变化的风洞实验,结果表明,风沙流结构是判断戈壁风沙流饱和与不饱和的一个重要途径,不同的戈壁风沙流结构对床面输、阻沙特性具有不同的指示意义。近地表0～6 cm高度内的风沙流结构决定了床面的输、阻性质,而6 cm以上的风沙流结构反映了风力对沙物质的输送状况。沙源供给的丰富与否,决定了风沙流的饱和程度,以及风沙流在砾石床面产生的蚀积状况。同等风速条件下,饱和风沙流的输沙率是非饱和风沙流输沙率的2～8倍。在饱和风沙流情形下,床面过程总体以积沙为主,且随风力的增强,床面积沙量急剧增加。在不饱和风沙流情形下,砾石床面总体以风蚀和输送沙物质过程为主,风沙流结构在0～2 cm高度内反映出砾石床面具有明显的阻沙功能,在2～5 cm高度上出现最大输沙值。     

工程地质钻孔信息模型及数据库研究

为了建立结构规范统一的工程地质勘察信息数据库,提出了“用户”与“系统”两级数据库相互映射的技术,把用户对数据的操作和计算机处理数据的过程分离开来。其中用户数据库面向用户的需要,系统数据库则满足信息管理的要求。在系统数据库中采用“块-层”结构的地层数据模型,对钻探区域进行了“地层层序”优化。“块-层”模型把钻探区域的“优化地层层序”作为一个基本块,针对性强,层次清晰地表达了复杂多变的地层信息,将有不同地层层序的各个钻探点统一成相同的结构,解决了在地层模型中难以表达地层翻转、缺失信息的问题,极大地方便了后续的信息处理和钻孔数据插值的进行。     

基于?－SVR和GA的初始地应力场位移反分析方法研究

基于一种改进的支持向量机（?－SVR）和改进的遗传算法（GA）,提出一种初始地应力场位移反分析方法。该方法通过正交设计方法安排较少次数的正分析方案,用?－SVR对正分析中测点位移值与参数构成的样本集进行学习,建立参数取值与观测点测值的非线性隐式方程;采用确定性或随机反分析的思路确定反分析的优化目标函数,并利用GA搜索最优参数取值。采用?－SVR方法建立的参数取值与位移量测点测值的非线性隐式方程,能够以很高的精度拟合和预测不同参数取值时的观测点测值,因此,可以用该隐式方程代替正分析,减少计算量;采用改进的GA方法能够准确搜索到最优参数;搜索到的最优参数值与理论值相当吻合。算例表明,基于?－SVR和GA的初始地应力场位移反分析方法是一种行之有效的初始地应力场位移反分析方法,可以广泛用于初始地应力场确定性反分析和随机反分析。