Close-range terrestrial digital photogrammetry and terrestrial laser scanning for discontinuity characterization on rock cuts

This paper reviews the application of close-range terrestrial digital photogrammetry and terrestrial laser scanning for discontinuity characterization on rock cuts. Terrestrial remote sensing techniques are being increasingly used as a complement to traditional scanline and window mapping methods. They provide more comprehensive information on rock cuts, allow surveying of inaccessible outcrops, and increase user safety. Selected case studies are used to estimate the accuracy of several 3D model registration approaches and the most time-, effort- and cost-effective methods are highlighted. It is shown that simple registration networks are able to provide adequate measurement of discontinuity orientation for engineering purposes. The case studies presented also illustrate the effects of sampling bias and limitations related to discontinuity characterization using remote sensing techniques. Vertical orientation bias and occlusion can be of particular concern when persistent discontinuities dip at the same angle as the camera/scanner line-of-sight. Major advantages of the techniques are presented illustrating how terrestrial remote sensing techniques provide rapid spatial measurements of discontinuity location, orientation and curvature and are well suited to the quantification of persistence magnitudes greater than 3 m.     

Matrix-independent Fe isotope ratio determination in silicates using UV femtosecond laser ablation

UV femtosecond laser ablation coupled to MC-ICP-MS provides a promising in situ tool to investigate elemental and isotope ratios by non-matrix-matched calibration. In this study, we investigate Fe isotope composition in siliceous matrices including biotite, hornblende, garnet, fayalite and forsterite (San Carlos Olivine), and an oceanic Fe–Mn crust using the iron reference material IRMM-014 for calibration. To test the accuracy of the laser ablation data, Fe isotope compositions were obtained independently by solution ICP-MS after chromatographic separation of Fe. Sample materials with low Cr content, i.e. biotite, hornblende, fayalite and the Fe–Mn crust, reveal δ^56/54Fe and δ^57/54Fe values that agree with those from solution ICP-MS data within the measured precision. For high Cr concentration (⁵⁴Cr/⁵⁴Fe >0.0001), i.e. in the garnet and forsterite sample, δ^56/54Fe and δ^57/54Fe values were derived from ⁵⁷Fe/⁵⁶Fe ratios as correction of the isobaric interference of ⁵⁴Cr on ⁵⁴Fe is unsatisfactory. This approach provides accurate results for both minerals. Moreover, the garnet crystal exhibits isotopic zonation with differences of 0.3‰ in δ^56/54Fe showing that substantial heterogeneities exist in high-temperature metamorphic minerals. Multiple analyses of homogeneous sample materials reveal a repeatability of 0.1‰ (2 SD) for δ^56/54Fe and 0.2‰ (2 SD) for δ^57/54Fe, respectively. This study adds to the observations of Horn et al. (2006) who have shown that the determination of Fe isotope ratios in various matrices including iron alloys, iron oxides and hydroxides, iron sulfide and iron carbonates can be performed with high accuracy and precision at high spatial resolution using UV femtosecond laser ablation ICP-MS. These results demonstrate that femtosecond laser ablation ICP-MS is a largely matrix-independent method, which provides a substantial advantage over commonly employed nanosecond laser ablation systems.     

滇西澜沧江构造带及邻区几何学、运动学和构造年代学分析

滇西澜沧江构造带自北向南沿碧螺雪山和崇山连续延伸; 按照构造几何学特点和运动学特征我们把该构造带分为3段：北段、中段和南段; 本文对各段的构造、组构、运动学及构造年代学进行了翔实研究,得到以下认识：构造带呈双变质岩带,核部为强变形高级变质岩带,两侧为强变形低级变质岩带,部分剖面几何形态似“花状”构造; 宏观和微观组构特征均指示构造带北段和中?南段存在明显的运动学差异,北段为右旋走滑剪切,中、南段为左旋走滑剪切; 同构造浅色花岗质糜棱岩中分选出白云母(北段)和黑云母(中段),进行单颗粒矿物的激光熔化40Ar?39Ar定年,结果显示,糜棱岩化造成了花岗质岩石同位素时钟的重置和部分重置; 表面年龄指示了该构造带中新世的构造变形事件; 其中,北段右旋韧性剪切作用年龄为17.8～13.4 Ma或更早,至少持续到13.4 Ma,构造带中段记录了17.9～13.1 Ma的左行韧性剪切事件; 构造变形时代表现出同时代和同期次特点。综合分析认为,位于印度与欧亚大陆斜向汇聚带东缘的澜沧江构造带,是调节印支块体陆内变形的重要变形区域,为典型的新生代剪压应变区; 与区内哀牢山-红河构造带新生代左旋走滑相对应; 剪压应变和应变分解过程中,构造带东-西向减薄作用通过韧性物质垂向挤出和沿剪切方向的挤出平衡,垂向挤出导致地壳增厚和高应变体的抬升,形成现今的地貌高位,统一的陡立面理和亚水平拉伸线理是韧性物质沿剪切方向挤出的流变学响应; 构造带南段和北段运动学差异是澜沧江构造带新生代左旋剪压应变分解的必然产物和运动学要求。     

地质标准物质的粒度测量与表征实践

样品粒度是粉体地质标准物质的一项重要特性指标。长期以来地质标准物质的粒度一直是采用筛分法或沉降法检测,最终大多以加工样品通过一定筛目(一般为-200目)的比例来表达;近年来超细标准物质研制引入了以激光粒度仪为代表的粒度检测与分析的现代方法,并可以直观的粒度分布图和简洁明晰的特征粒径等多种方法来表达粒度分布特征,大大提升了粉体地质标准物质粒度分布特性的测量及表征水平。文章在前期采用激光粒度仪测量超细标准物质粒度分布特征工作的基础上,用此法测量了当今广泛使用的典型地质标准物质的粒度分布,为这些标准物质的正确使用和取样不确定度评价提供了重要依据;同时就今后地质标准物质乃至地质分析样品的粒度检测与表征提出建议。     

自动激光雨滴谱仪在雷达降水估测中的应用

利用Parsivel激光降水粒子谱与地面雨量计对2008年9月9号山西的一次混合降水天气过程进行分析,根据汾阳、介休两站的雨滴谱资料,利用最小二乘法拟合出反射率因子Z与雨强I的关系Zott=159Iott1.5,利用最优化关系法计算出地面雨量计与雷达反射率因子的关系Zrad=200Irain1.2,WSR_88D中默认的关系ZDef=300I1.4,然后分别利用3种Z-I关系对此次降水过程进行估测,计算过程累计雨量,并将估测降水结果与地面雨量计实测结果进行对比.结果表明:利用雨滴谱关系的估测降水效果最好,利用雨量计关系的估测降水结果次之,默认关系计算结果最差;第一者相对第二者提高4％左右,相对第三者则提高近18％左右.     

安徽池州地区金鸡山金矿床成矿流体特征

金鸡山金矿是安徽池州地区近年新发现的一个独立金矿床,成因上属于富硫化物石英脉型.采自主成矿阶段石英中的原生流体包裹体显微测温和激光拉曼光谱分析表明,主成矿阶段的温度峰值为280～320℃,成矿流体盐度为2.81%～10.11%NaCl,密度为0.61～0.96 g/cm3,是一种中温、低盐度、低密度的NaCl-H2O-CO2体系,具有中温热液金矿床的成矿流体特征.矿床形成于中浅成环境(成矿深度0.96～3.17 km);成矿流体的不混溶及流体中CO2和CH4等有机质对矿质的活化、运移及沉淀均起到了重要作用.     

Preparation of Five China Sea and Continental Shelf Sediment Reference Materials (MSCS-1–5) with Ultra-Fine Particle Size Distributions

We report the preparation and characterisation of five sediment reference materials MSCS-1–5 from the China Sea and continental shelf. The raw samples were individually collected from the East China Sea and the South China Sea. They were first ground by ball mill to a homogenous powder of -200 mesh (< 74 μm). Then, half of each sample was further processed by an ultra-fine powder processing technique, a jet mill, to form a powder with an average particle size of < 4 μm (about 800 mesh). The homogeneity was tested by high-precision WD-XRF and the precision was found to be less than 1% RSD, which is compatible with the precision range for modern analytical techniques. An F-test showed that all five samples were homogeneous. Twelve laboratories participated in the cooperative study and sixty constituents were determined. Between fifty and fifty-two analytes were characterised as recommended values in MSCS-1–5 in compliance with Chinese national norms. The sum of the major and minor elements or components in the five reference materials MSCS-1–5 was 99.91%, 99.86%, 100.43%, 100.12% and 99.66%, respectively.     

地质标准物质粒度测量与表征的现代方法

地质标准物质是地质材料分析的计量标准,在分析质量监控、仪器校准和分析方法评价中发挥着重要作用。地质标准物质大多为粉体材料,而粒度是粉体材料的一项重要特性指标。长期以来,地质标准物质的粒度一直采用过筛法检测;近年来在超细标准物质研制中引入了以激光粒度仪为代表的现代粒度分析方法,并以直观的粒度分布图和简洁的特征粒度来表达分析结果,大大提升了粉体地质标准物质粒度特性的测量及表征水平。在此工作基础上,测量了正在广泛使用的典型地质标准物质的粒度分布,获得了前所未知的粒度分布信息,为这些标准物质的正确使用和取样不确定度评价提供了有益的资料。简单地介绍了检测粉体材料颗粒特性的现代方法,讨论了地质分析与粒度分析在概念上的差异,并就今后地质标准物质乃至地质分析样品的粒度检测与表征方法提出了建议。     

基于物体表面散乱三维激光扫描点的三角形格网建立

针对物体表面的散乱三维激光扫描点数据,提出了借助柱面坐标系统将三维激光扫描点转换为三角形格网构造系坐标,并根据转换后的坐标利用在平面内计算狄罗里三角形的方法建立三维物体表面格网模型.建立格网模型的效果表明,借助柱面坐标系统构造狄罗里三角形的方法可以作为三维物体表面三角形格网模型的一个重要的基本方法.     

Analysis of systematic error influences on accuracy of airborne laser scanning altimetry

The error sources related to the laser rangefinder, GPS and INS are analyzed in details. Several coordinates systems used in airborne laser scanning are set up, and then the basic formula of system is given.This paper emphasizes on discussing the kinematic offset correction between GPS antenna phase center and laser fired point. And kinematic time delay influence on laser footprint position, the ranging errors, positioning errors, attitude errors and integration errors of the system are also explored. Finally, the result shows that thekinematic time delay can be neglected as compared with other error sources. The accuracy of the coordinates is not only influenced by the amplitude of the error, but also controlled by the operation parameters such as flight height, scanning angle amplitude and attitude magnitude of the platform.